Ulhp  i.  1.  Mill  iCtbrarg 

North  (Earoltna  ^tatf  Initipraita 

1 

1 

QK495 
U48C69 

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100M/7-85 


REVISION 
North  American  UmbellifercC 

JOHH  M.  Coulter  and  J.  N.  Rose. 
Herbarium  of  Wabash  College, 

Crawfordsville,  Ind. 


REVISIOM 

—  OK — 

North  American  Uml)ellifer3e. 


The  Order  UiHbcUifcrt.c  has  always  been  considered  a  most 
perplexing  one,  chiefly  because  tl.e  characters  ordinarilv  used 
among  flowering  plants  are  of  no  avail,  and  the  attempt  to  use 
them  has  led  to  confusion.  The  order  must  still  be  considered  a 
difficult  one  to  the  ordininy  stut'.ent,  inasmuch  as  it  demands  care- 
ful sections  of  the  fruit  anil  an  examination  of  rather  minute  struct- 
ures. 

In  our  revision  of  the  North  American  species  we  arc  much 
indebted  to  the  hearty  co-operation  of  botanists  and  desire  to  make 
the  following  acknowledgements:  To  our  lamented  leader.  Dr. 
Asa  Gray,  the  inception  of  tiie  work  was  due,  and  his  c<<nstant 
encouragement  at  first  made  the  final  loss  of  it  doublv  felt.  Dr. 
Sereno  Watson  has  given  every  assistance  that  his  great  knowl- 
edge of  the  order  could  suggest,  besides  placing  the  rich  collect- 
ions of  Harvard  Univcrsitv  at  our  disposal;  and  it  is  but  justice  to 
say  that  the  work  would  have  been  well  nigh  impossible  hail  it 
not  been  for  his  masterly  I^ibliographical  Index.  Dr.  N.  L.  Brit- 
ton  has  also  enabled  us  to  studv  the  valuable  collections  of  Colum- 
bia College,  cspecialh'  desirable  on  account  of  its  Torrex  collec- 
tion. The  Philadelphia  Acadenn  also  generously  submitted  their 
collection  of  Umbellifers  to  our  inspection,  a  \  er\'  importaiit  aid 
on  account  of  the  number  of  Xuttallian  t\pes  it  contains.  The 
herbarium  of  the  Agricultural    Department  was  also  placed  at  oui- 


D.  H.  HILL  LIBRARY  1^8819 
North  Carolina  State  College 


disposal  by  Ur.  Geo.  \'asc\  ;  while  ihe  collections  of  the  California 
Academy  of  Sciences,  rich  in  Pacilic  Coast  forms,  were  sent  to  ns 
by  the  curator,  Miss  Mary  Curian.  Mr.  I,  C.  Martindale,  whose 
collection  of  Umbellifers  is  probably  the  completest  to  be  found 
among  private  collections,  and  Capt.  John  Donncll  Smith  and  Ivlr. 
William  M.  Canby,  whose  collections  are  especiall\-  rich  in  the 
more  recently  collected  North  American  species,  haye  put  their 
entire  collections  in  our  hands.  Prof.  W.  W.  Bailey  has  sent  us 
the  collections  of  Brow  n  L  iiiyersity,  among  which  the  Olney  and 
Bennett  collections  are  very  valuable  in  the  older  types.  Prof. 
John  Macoun  has  contributed  the  Canadian  species,  and  his  recent 
explorations  in  Western  British  America  have  brought  to  light 
much  interesting  material.  The  collections  of  S.  B.  Parish,  L.  F. 
Henderson  and  Thomas  Howell  ha\  e  also  been  of  great  service. 
Mr.  M.  S.  Bebb  has  furnished  valuable  material  and  notes  in  the 
study  of  IJiaspitiin  and  EidopJins.  Others  who  have  kindly 
furnished  every  assistance  in  their  power  are  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter, 
Prof.  William  Trelease,  Mr.  Walter  Deane,  Prof.  S.  M.  Tracy, 
Prof.  Chas.  R.  Barnes,  Dr.  ].  C.  Arthur,  Prof.  Thomas  McBride, 
Rev.  Thomas  Morong,  Dr.  Lester  V .  Ward,  Mr.  Frank 
T\veed\-,  etc.,  etc.  It  would  be  impracticable  to  give  an 
account  of  all  the  material  that  has  passed  under  our  in- 
spection during  some  four  years  of  unremitting  study,  but  no  pains 
have  been  spared  in  obtaining  all  the  information  to  be  had  from 
the  heritaria  of  this  country. 

Historical  sketch.  The  plants  of  this  t)rder  were  first  set 
apart  under  the  ordinal  name  Uiiibenifcri.c  by  A.  L.  de  Jussieu  in 
his  G'<v/<7-(i: //(////^/v/;;/,  published  in  17SU.  The  subsequent  gen- 
eral pi-esentations  of  the  family  that    nia\-    be    mentioned  are  by  G. 

F.  Hoffmann,  (iciiera  flantavKni  l^nihcllifcrariini  (Ed.  2.  1810); 
A.  P.  de  Candolle,  J/r/;/,  Fam.  Omh.  (1829),  as  well  as  in  the 
Prodronins  (  1880)  ;  S.  L.  Endlicher,  Genera  plantarum  (  1886-50)  ; 
J.  Lindley,  I'eg-ctah/c  Ki//odoin  {I'^MS^  under  the  WAme  Apiace(e); 

G.  W.  Bentham  and  J.  D.  Hooker,  (rci/cra  plantarum  (1867). 
Dr.  Oscar  Drude  also  lias  this  order  in  preparation  for  Engler  and 
Prantrs  Die  7iatiirUchen  Pflanzciijamilioi. 

In  reference  to  North  American  Umhellifcric,  their  last  gen- 
eral presentation  was  by  Torrey  and  Gray,  Flora  Nortli  Affierica, 
Vol.  I.  (  1888-40).      Previous   to    that   time    the    following   works 


may  be  niciitioncd  as  those  containing  our  chief  information: 
The  Species  plantarum  of  Limucus  (1758)  of  course  forms  the 
ujroundwork;  Walter,  Plora  Caroh'nia/ia  (ITHJS);  Michaux,  Flora 
Boreali-Ameriea7ia  (1808);  Pcisoon,  Synopsis  planturitDi  (  ISO-")); 
Pursh,  Flora  Septcntrionalis  (KS14);  Rafiiicsciuc,  in  various 
scattered  puhhcations  (1815-40);  Nuttall,  Genera  (1818),  besides 
much  material  published  in  Torrey  and  (Cray's  Fl.  X.  Am.\ 
DeCandollc,  /'/v;(/';vw/As-,  \'()1.  \\  (1S8());  Hooker  [W.].),  Flora 
Borcali' America ]ia  (I888-4( I). 

The  list  of  publications  containing;-  descriptions  of  new  species 
since  Ton^ev  and  (irav's  h''lora  X.  .\t)i.  \'ol.  I  (  l.S8S-4())  is  as 
follows: 

Hooker  a,nd  Arnott:  ISotanv  Boeotiey  Voya^'e  (Is41). 

Hooker:  London  Joiir.  Bot.  vi.  (1843). 

Buckley;  Am.  Jour.  Sei.  I.  xlv.  (1S43);  Proc.  Philad.  Acad,  i  ls(;i  i. 

Gray:  PI.  Fendlerian«>  (1H48);  PI.  Wrightiana'  (iK.'iO);  PK  Lindheimer- 
ian«'  (1850);  Manual  (185r)-(57);  Proc.  Amer.  Acad,  vi.,  vii.  (18G8),  viil. 
(1870);  Pacif.  R.  R.  Rept.  xli.  (18(10);  Ives'  Report  (I8(il);  Am.  Joui.  Sci. 
II.  xxxiii.  (18()2);  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.  (18(13). 

Torrey  and  Gray:  Pacif.  R.  R.  Rept.  11.  (18.-)4). 

Torrey:  Mex.  Boundary  Survey  (1858). 

Chapman:  Manual  Southern  States  (18(10). 

Wood:  Class-Book  dscoi. 

Watson:  Bot.  King's  Exped.  (ls71);Am  Natuialist,  vii.  (I,s7:it:  Botany 
of  California  (1876  and  1880);  Proc.  Aaier.  Acad.  xi.  (187(1),  xii.  (ls77i,  xiv. 
(1S79),  xvii.  (1882),  xviii.  (1883).  xx.  (1885),  xxi.  (188(1).  :,:xii.  {1S,S7). 

Parry:  American  Naturalist,  ix.  (1875). 

Kellogg:  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  (187(1). 

Curran:  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ill. 

Coulter  Jc  Rose:  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.  ( lss7).  xiii.  (18SS). 

Morong:  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  xiv.  (lss7). 

Geographical  distribution. — The  order  c(  nt:iins  about  10(1 
genera  and  1800  species,  niostly  distributed  throughout  temperate 
regions  and  extending  into  the  tropics  along  mountain  systems. 
Its  most  abundant  represent;ition  is  in  northern  ICuropc  and  Asia. 
'I'he  genera  are  usu;dl\  widel\-  distiibuted,  while  mcjst  of  the 
species  are  quite  restricted.  North  America,  north  of  Mexico, 
contains  59  genera  and  288  species;  of  these,  7  are  introduced 
genera,  leaving  us  Wl  native  genera,  only  2'J  of  which  arc  strictly 
North  American;  while  of  our  species  217  are  indigenous,  anil  but 
18    of   these    are    found    at  all    in    other    countries.      Of  our  native 


genera,  six  are  restricted  to  North  Ameiica  and  .Vsia,  viz:  Ccv/o- 
'pleurum^  Coniosclhi/ini^  CrxptotiOiia^  ./)iscopleiira^  Osinorhiza^ 
and  Phelloptcn(s\  no  u;enus  is  restricted  to  Nortii  America  and 
Europe;  four  genera  are  common  to  the  whole  northern  hemi- 
sphere, not  extending  southward,  \iz:  CJucropJiylhini^  Cicuta., 
Heraclf/im,  and  Lig-usticuin;  tlirec  genera  extend  only  into  Mexi- 
co and  South  America,  viz:  Apiastrum^  Bowlcsia^  and  Ve/cea; 
sixteen  genera  are  world-wide  in  their  distribution,  viz:  Angelica^ 
Apium ^  Berula^  Bupleurum^  Caiii/ii,  Caucalis,  Crantzia^  Dati- 
cus^  Eryngiu7n^  Hydi-ocotyle^  CEnanthe^  Peucedanutn^  Pimpinella^ 
Sajiicula^  Sel'mjim^  and  Shnn\  our  twenty-two  strictly  North 
American  genera  are  Alctes^  .{}?ii)iosc/ii/?/iii^  Coloptera^  Cyn/op- 
tcrns,  Cynosciadium^  Erigenia^  EtilopJuis^  Eurytcvnia^  Har- 
bonria^  Lcptocaulis,  Leptotcenia^  Museniopsis,  Museniufn^  Oreoxis^ 
Orogenia^  Podistera,  Polytcciiia^  P scndocy mopterus ^  yiiaspium^ 
Tiedemanina^  Trcpocarptis^  and  Zizia.  It  will  be  seen  that  so  far 
as  North  American  Umbellifene  have  received  any  impress  froni 
other  continents  the  dominant  influence  has  been  Asiatic,  at  least 
25  of  the  genera  being  common  to  that  continent.  In  regard  to 
the  13  native  species  found  also  in  other  countries,  10  are  found 
in  Asia,  viz:  PhcHopjicr/is  littoral  is  (common  to  W.  North  Ameri- 
ca and  E.  Asia),  Osmorhizu  loiigistylis  and  Cryptotcenia  Canadensis 
(common  to  E.  North  Air.crica  and  E.  Asia),  Siuin  cicittivfoliiim  and 
Ccelopleiirum  Gmelini  (widely  distributed  throughout  North  Ameri- 
ca and  Asia),  Ligiisticimi  Scoticum  ixnd  Berula angustifolia  (extend- 
ing also  into  Europe),  and  Hydt'ocotylc  Asiatica  and  H.  verticillata 
(extending  trom  Asia  and  the  Polynesian  Islands  into  Africa). 
The  three  remaining  species,  viz:  Apium  Icptophyllum^  Crantzia 
lifieata^  and  Hydrocotylc  Americana,  are  distributed  throughout  the 
southern  hemisphere,  extending  north  only  in  North  America. 
This,  of  course,  only  represents  the  present  view  regarding  species. 
When  those  of  different  continents  are  more  thoroughly  compared, 
doubtless  manv  more  species  will   be  merged. 

Comparing  the  North  American  IJ mbcllifera^  with  the 
foreign  representatives  of  the  order,  the  North  American  cast  is 
furnished  by  such  forms  as  the  aliundant  we;  tern  display  of 
acaulescent  dr\-  ground  Peucedanums  and  tlieir  allies,  species  of 
Cymopterus  and  their  allies,  as  well  as  the  peculiar  western 
Saniculas. 


Ill  reference  to  the  distribution  of 'gencrii  and  species  in  North 
America,  the  fact  of  tlicir  uniform  (Hstrihiition  is  brought  out  by 
tne  following  data:  in  \.  K.  United  Stales  (the-  range  covered  liy 
Gray's  Manual^  )  there  are  'jT  Ljenera  ai.d  14  sjoecies;  in  vS.  E. 
United  States  (range  of  Chapmairs  Manual)  there  are  27  genera 
and  41>  species;  in  tlic  RocUv  Mountain  region  witiiin  the  United 
States  (range  of  Coulter's  Manual)  there  aie  21  genera  and  4;} 
species;  in  California  (Botan\-  of  California)  there  are  2f)  genera, 
()5  species;  in  British  North  America  (Macoun's  Catalogue)  there 
are  28  genera  and  7)7)  species:  in  the  (iieat  Basin  (Watson  in  Bot, 
King's  Report)  there  are  17  genera  and  88  species. 

Contrasting  the  Umbellifera'  of  eastern  and  western  North 
America,  the  latter  not  only  gives  the  greater  disj^lay,  but  also 
presents  the  characteristic  forms  of  the  continent,  differing  far 
more  from  the  Umbellifera'  of  e\erv  other  continent  than  do  those 
of  E.  North  America.  T\vent3'-one genera  and  about  150  species  arc 
restricted  to  W.  North  America;  while  but  7  genera  and  about  40 
species  are  restricted  to  E.  North  America;  which  shows  28  gen- 
era and  about  20  species  distributed  both  east  and  west. 

Only  {)  sjoecies  can  be  considered  really  alpine,  viz:  ]''cuced- 
ani/m  Sandbergii^  P.  Oreganutn^  /'.  Ciisickii,  Cymopterus  nivalis^ 
C.  ternatus^  C.  chietarius^  Oreoxis  Inimilis^  Podistcra  Nevadensis^ 
and  Yelcva  Hoivel(ii\  although  many  sjjecies  extend  well  up  the 
mountain  sides. 

The  largest  genus  is  Pcuccdaintiii^  with  48  species,  being 
more  than  one-fifth  of  our  Umbellifeis.  The  next  genus  in  point 
of  numbers  is  Eryfig'nna  with  29  species;  then  Angciica  with  10 
species;  Cymopterus  v.ith  18  species;  Saiiicula  with  10  species;  and 
il/_i^7/.v/'/a/w  with  y  species.  It  will  be  seen  that  these  six  genera 
contain  more  than  half  of  our  nali\e  species. 

Our  monotypic  genera  are  ^\/ctcs,  Cnvifzia^  Crvplohcuia^ 
Hrigcnia^  Hurytomia^  Harbouria^  Museniopsis^  Orcoxt's,  Phcllop- 
tcrus^  Podistcra^  Polyttviiia^  and  'J^rcpocarpus ;  while  the  following 
genera,  in  addition,  are  represented  within  our  borders  by  but  a 
single  native  species,  viz:  Apiuin^  Bcnila^  lUfora^  J->o\vIesia^  Bu- 
plcurum^  Caiicalis^     CJio'rophyUiim^     CoNioselii/uiii^    J)iiiicus^      Ile- 


1  In  usinj;  tlie  nuiiitiers  obl;iincci  from  the  various  inanunU  anil  catalog-ues  it  must  l>c 
rcnieniliercd  that  no  account  is  made  of  the  sliijht  chaiuri-s  whit  h  ha\c  been  ni-ccssarv,  but 
whicli  do  not  aflfit  the  jjcni-ral  conclusion. 


raclcuin,  and  CEnanfhc.      It   will    be   seen    that  nearly  half  of  ou  r 
genera  arc  represented  by  single  species. 

The  following  tabic  shows  the  general  distribution  of  our 
genera.  The  first  column  gives  the  whole  number  of  species 
found  in  North  America  north  of  Mexico;  the  second,  the  number 
of  introduced  species;  the  third,  those  species  that  are  strictly  east- 
ern, incliuling  a  single  tier  of  states  west  of  the  Mississippi;  the 
fourth,  those  species  that  are  western,  that  is,  from  the  plains 
westward;  the  fifth,  those  that  are  found  both  east  and  west,  some 
of  which  ma\  be  of  wide  range,  and  others  southwestern  and  so 
overlapping  the  boundary  between  the  two  regions;  the  sixth, 
the  number  of  species  accredited  to  each  genus  throughout  the 
world,  as  indicated  by  Bentham  &  Hooker,  somewhat  modified  by 
the  more  recent  changes.  The  genera  marked  with  an  asterisk 
(*)  are  endemic. 


I. 

n. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI, 

Whole     no.'i„j^„,,^^    , 

Eastern 

species. 

Western 
species. 

Species 
common    to 
E.  and  VV. 

No.  of 
species  in 
the     world. 

1      ;:      1 

/Kthusi 

1 

1 

1 

■      ::: 

1 

♦Amm-iselinuii, 
Aiiiji  111  I 

2 

16 

4  ...  . 

12... 

iO 

1 ::::::"i;:::: 

10 

Api;istruin 

IZ.'X.....    3''".'. 

1 

1 

1 

2 
12 

KeruU 

1    ' 

1 

2 

1    1 

1 

i 

Howlesi  I 
F<unl«uruin 

1 

12 

'>    j 1 

...      1 

00 

5         1 

4 

50 

3    2 

1 

18 

Ch:u.(>phvlluin 

30 

:i ..  . 

1 

1 

.     .      1 

1 

3 

Coclonlcuriiin 

2 

1 

2 

♦Colopter  1 

::::::  5::::::  ....;;;:::::;::::: 

3 

{ 

1     

1 

1              " 

1 

1 
1 



1              2 

1             2 

1     

1 

1 

1 

1 

13 

1  5 

♦Cynosciidium 

2 

2 1 

■t 

jO 

•pj.          . 

1 

i 

♦  r'  "  '' 

1 

1 

i 

00 

.  ...    10 

1 

9 

4 

3 

150 

- 

1  

1 

p        1     il  ,m 

1 

1 

;             3 

1 

1  

Herac  leuiii 

1 

1 

70 

4 

1 

2 

1 

70 

*I.eptoc  lulls 

2 



1. 

2 

7...  . 

7 

.) 

20 

1 

1 

1 

♦Musenium 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

35 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

0 

•> 

4 

6 

T>-  ct 

1 

i 

10 

.   43 

100 

1 

1 

1 1... 

3 

1 

1 

..    ..      1 

1 

65 

*Podisten 

1 

1  .  ... 

1 



•V.'.".' 

i 

1 

*Pseudocvinopteru3 

3 

..  .      3 

10 

1 

f ) 

1."} 

30 

Sium 

., 

1 

1  . 

3 

1 

3 

4 

3 

1 

4 

1 

6 

■^ 

*Zizia 

...      2 



2 

Vegetatire  Organs. — HooL  The  prevailing  mnbellifer 
root  is  the  fleshy,  parsnip-like  tap-root.  Many  of  the  spring 
bloomers  come  from  deep-seated  solitary  tubers,  as  some  species 
of  Peuceda)ium^  Er/f^cnia^  and  Ofoo-r/iia.      These    tnbcrs  are  very 


10 

farinaceous  and  useful  for  food.  In  some  cases  the  rootss  are 
fasciculate-tuberous,  as  in  Ei/lophus^  Ticdemannia^  some  species  of 
Caruin^  etc.      Very  few  species  are  fibrous-rooted. 

Stem.  While  some  Kamschatkan  species  attain  a  gigantic 
size,  and  certain  S.  African  forms  become  shrubs  and  even  small 
trees,  our  North  American  species  are  at  most  but  coarse  herbs. 
The  stems  are  grooved,  more  or  less  swollen  at  the  joints,  pithy 
or  hollow,  and  so  uniform  in  cliaracter  that  none  of  these  features 
are  useful  in  classification. 

Leaf.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  with  very  characteristic 
petioles,  which  are  dilated  (sometimes  very  much  so)  and  more  or 
less  sheathing  at  base.  xA.s  a  rule,  they  arc  compound,  sometimes 
simply  lobed,  very  rarely  entire. 

Inflorescence. — The  general  plan  of  inflorescence  is  a  regu- 
larly compounded  umbel,  but  in  certain  genera  (as  in  Hydrocotyle) 
the  umbels  are  simple;  while  in  others  they  are  reduced  to 
heads  (as  in  Eryngiuni).  In  some  genera  the  umbels  are  very 
irregularly  compounded,  so  that  it  would  be  almost  impossible  to 
draw  any  satisfactory  line  between  forms  with  simple  and  those 
with  compound  umbels,  although  this  character  has  been  rather 
extensively  used  in  generic  grouping.  Even  when  this  indistinct 
line  has  been  drawn  the  genera  are  thrown  into  most  unnatural 
relationships.  Proliferous  umbels  are  not  at  all  uncommon,  and  in 
some  forms  (as  in  Hydrocotyle^  prolification  is  a  constant  charac- 
ter. The  involucre  (composed  of  bracts)  and  the  involucel  (com- 
posed of  bract/ets)  furnish  very  important  characters  in  classifica- 
tion. The  bracts  and  bractlets  may  be  wanting,  or  from  minute 
to  very  conspicuous,  green  or  scarious,  distinct  or  more  or  less 
united. 

The  flower. — The  small  ejoigynous  flowers,  with  five  sepals 
(often  obsolete),  petals  and  stamens,  and  bicarpellary  pistil,  are  so 
un-form  in  character  that  they  cannot  be  considered  of  much  value 
in  classification,  unless  we  except  such  suboidinate  characters  as 
the  presence  or  absence  of  calyx-teeth,  and  the  color  of  petals. 

Sepals.     The    calyx    is  blended  with   the    inferior  ovary  and 

2  We  use  "roots"  liere  in  the  ordinary  systematic   way.     Morpholo{jic;illy  these  "tuberous 
roots"  are  mostly  subterranean  stems. 


11 

niicy  not  extend  l)e\oiul  its  smnmil  in  an\-  form,  in  whicli  case  it  is 
said  to  be  obsolete^  or  it  may  appear  at  the  top  of  the  ovary  as  five 
persistent  teeth  or  lobes,  minute  or  somewhat  conspicuous.  The 
picsiMicc  or  absence  of  these  *'caly x-lectli"'  fuinishes  a  character 
used  in  <^cneric  descriptions. 

Petals.  The  d-jciduous  petals  are  inserted  at  tiie  edj^e  of  an 
epigvnous  disk,  aiul  are  usually  white  or  yellow,  althou<;h  in  some 
species  they  are  blue,  or  even  piid<ish  to  dark  purple.  L'sually 
they  are  concave,  with  an  intlexed  ti[)  or  acumination;  and  some- 
times at  the  flexure  tb.e  acumination  liecomes  so  impressed  as  to 
j^ive  an  emarginate  or  2-lobed  appearance.  Much  use  has  been 
made  of  these  characters  in  generic  descriptions,  but  among  our 
North  American  forms  we  have  found  such  uniformity  that  char- 
acters drawn  from  the  petals  are  of  no  value,  witii  the  single  ex- 
ception of  the  genus  Hcraclcitiii. 

Stamois.  From  the  5  alternate  distinct  introrse  stamens  no 
characters  are  to  lie  drawn.  In  general,  (7//ibc//ifci\c  seem  to  be 
protandrous,  though  protgyny  has  been  obsi-rved  in  a  few  genera, 
such  as   'riiaspiitni^  Saiiicida  and  Hrigcii'ia. 

Pistil.  A  description  of  the  bicarpellary  pistil,  surmounted 
bv  the  disk  from  which  arise  two  distinct  styles  eitb.er  directly  or 
with  an  intervening. v/i7^/'f'<//V^w,  which  is  either  depressed  or  more 
or  less  conical,  is  better  includeil  under  the  discussion  of  the  very 
important  fruit  structures. 

Fruit. — In  no  family  of  plants  does  the  fruit  furnish  more 
certain  diagnostic  characters  than  in  the  Umbellifene.  So  definite 
are  they  that  the  fruit  alone  can  be  made  to  determine  the  genus, 
and  in  most  cases  the  species,  while  in  every  case  it  is  an  essential 
part  of  the  description.  This  indicates  at  once  an  unusual  amount 
of  differentiation  ir.  the  fruit  structures,  and  great  diversity  in  their 
display. 

The  two  carpels  face  each  otiicr,  antl  are  in  contact  at  fii'st  by 
their  commissural  or  \entral  faces,  but  eventually  separate.  The 
fruit  is  compressed  lateral Iv  (at  right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the 
commissural  faces),  or  dorsally  (parallel  with  the  commissural 
plane),  or  not  at  all.  As  the  two  carpels  are  but  repetitions  of 
each  other,  a  description  of  structure  may  be  confined  to  a  single 
one.     The  surface  of  the  carpel  is   usually    marked  bv  five  ribs  or 


12 

wings  longituclin;.lIy  placed.  The  two  nearest  the  commissure 
are  the  laterals^  a  single  dorsal  one  occurs  on  the  back  of  the 
carpel,  while  the  pair  between  the  dorsal  and  the  laterals  are  the 
intermediates.  In  addition  to  these  five  primary  ribs  or  wings 
secondary  ones  may  appear  (as  in  Hydrocotyle  Asiatica)^  and  even 
become  more  prominent  than  the  primary  ones  (as  in  Daucus  and 
Trepocarpus);  or  occasionally  even  all  external  indications  of  ribs 
may  be  lacking  (as  in  Sa?iiciila).  The  presence  of  these  ribs  or 
wings,  their  varying  size  and  structure,  furnish  good  diagnostic 
characters. 

The  general  structure  of  the  pericarp  wall  well  represents  the 
typical  leaf  structure,  with  under  and  upper  (that  is,  outer  and 
inner)  epidermal  layers  bounding  a  more  or  less  developed 
mesophyll.  It  is  in  the  mesophyll  region  that  the  characteristic 
fruit  structures  are  developed.  The  constant  occurrence  in  the 
outer  epidermal  region  of  the  two  distinct  layers  of  epidermal 
cells  suggests  that  the  outer  layer  represents  the  connate  calyx, 
while  the  inner  is  the  true  epidermis  of  the  pericarp.  The 
mesophyll  region  of  the  pericarp  is  naturally  separated  into  three 
structures:  (1)  oil-ducts,  (2)  strengthening  cells,  and  (3)  undiffer- 
entiated parenchyma. 

Oil-tubes.  These  occur  in  varying  number,  size  and  position 
in  the  different  genera,  and  are  of  such  constancy  as  to  furnish 
most  valuable  characters.  By  far  the  most  common  position  for 
oil-tubes  is  in  the  intervals  between  the  ribs,  where  they  occur 
singly  or  in  groups.  In  this  position  they  may  occur  close  against 
the  inner  epidermal  layer,  or  centrally  in  the  pericarp  section, 
while  in  Cryptotcenia  and  ErigQnia  they  seem  to  be  developed 
in  the  inner  epidermal  layer  itself.  In  ^"^tJuisa.,  Ccelopleiirum 
and  Cryptotcenia  oil-tubes  occur  both  in  the  intervals  and  beneath 
the  ribs.  In  some  cases,  as  in  Polyt(Enia^  there  are  two  sets  of 
oil-tubes,  one  forming  an  almost  continuous  layer  about  the  seed- 
cavity,  the  other  composed  of  smaller  t'jbes,  and  scattered  through 
the  very  thick  pericarp.  In  Zizia  and  Aletes  there  are  also 
smaller  accessory  tubes  in  the  ribs.  In  Coniiim  there  is  no  de- 
velopment of  oil-tubes,  but  the  whole  inner  epidermal  layer  of  the 
pericarp  becomes  a  secreting  layer.  In  Hydrocotyle.,  on  the  other 
hand,  in  the  absence  of  oil-tubes,  groujDS  of  secreting  cells  occur 
just  beneatii    the  outer   epidermis   of    the   pericarp,    and   in   some 


species  cvcntui'.llv  "hreak  tlH()Ui;li  it,  foiiu'mi;  Mipcrticial  oil  vesicles,. 
Anthrisciis  and  some  B/ip/c/tr/n/is  have  neither  oil-tiil>es  nor 
secreting  cells.  In  Osniorhiza  the  matnre  tVnit  usually  gives  no 
tiace  of  oil-tubes,  while  the  iniinature  fruit  may  show  groups  of 
4  to  ()  oil-tuhes  in  the  intervals,  and  1  to  ){  in  the  ribs  themselves. 
Tile  obliteiation  of  oil-tulies  o)i  approach  to  maturity  may 
account  for  the  discrepancy  of  opinion  concerning  the  oil-tubes  of 
certain  genera.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  this  suppression  of 
oil-tubes  seems  to  involve  the  formation  of  an  oily  layer.  In 
Osmorhiza  the  mature  fruit  has  an  oily  layer  about  the  seed,  a 
region  occupied  in  the  immature  fruit  by  a  distinct  line  of  oil-tubes. 
In  IIydrocotyh\  however,  the  isolated  groups  of  secreting  cells 
are  such  as  always  precede  the  formation  of  oil-tubes.  In  Hydro- 
ro()'/6',  therefore,  the  oil-tubes  could  be  called  rudimentary;  in  most 
U/n be // if cnv  they  are  oil-tubes  proper;  in  Conium  a  secreting  layer 
has  been  developed ;  while  the  development  of  the  Osmor/iiza  fruit 
gives  us  distinctly  all  three  phases.  Hence,  to  summarize:  (1) 
most  genera  have  distinctly  developed  oil-tubes,  varioush  placed; 
(2)  a  few  have  a  layer  of  secreting  cells;  (3)  some  have  groups  of 
secreting  cells;  and  (4)  others  have  neither  oil-tubes  nor  secreting 
cells,  in  fact,  without  any  representation  of  this  one  of  the  three 
structures  of  the  mesophyll. 

Strengthening  ceils.  Under  this  name  we  would  define  cer- 
tain groups  of  cells  which  are  imlike  enough  in  structure,  but 
seem  to  serve  the  common  purpose  of  strengthening  the  pericarp 
wall  or  its  ribs.  They  usually  occur  beneath  each  rib,  and  arc 
normally  developed  about  the  simple  fibro-vascular  elements  of  the 
pericarp  wall.  These  fibro-vascular  elements  may  eventually  be- 
come obliterated.  The  group  of  strengthening  cells  may  consist 
of  fibrous  tissue,  sclerenchyma,  sclerenchymatous  parenchyma,  or 
small-celled  parenchyma.  It  may  be  well  marked  off  from  the 
surrounding  tissues,  as  in  the  distinct  thick-walled  groups  of 
Osmorhiza.,  Cryptotivnia.,  Conium  and  C hcerophr /in w;  or  it  may 
gradually  merge  into  the  surrounding  tissue,  as  in  Ange/iccr., 
Wiaspinm^  etc.  In  Hydrocotyic.,  Bowiesia^  Pastinaca.,  and 
Heraclenni.,  the  strengthening  cells  are  developed  in  a  broad  con- 
tinuous band  about  the  seed-cavity,  and  so  completely  make  up 
the  pericarp  wall  in  Bifora  and  Coriandrnm  as  to  make  it  crus- 
taceous;  while  in  Sanirnia^  Coniose/i/i/ini.,  and  ^Kthnsa  thev  seem 


u 

to  be  entirely  wanting.  In  the  hist  named  genus  thev  may  be 
found  ni  the  very  tips  of  the  prominent  ribs,  the  position  usually 
held  by  strengthening  cells  being  occupied  by  large  and  loose 
parenchyma,  the  other  structures  remaining  normal.  Stiengthen- 
ing  cells  are  thus  unlike  in  elements  and  position,  are  in  groups  of 
varying  size  and  distinctness,  or  in  bands,  or  may  be  wanting  en- 
tirely. From  these  facts  important  characters  arc  obtained  for 
generic  grouping. 

Undifferoitiatcd  farciicliv))ia .  This  has  merely  the  negative 
character  of  not  being  transformed  into  either  strengthening  or 
secreting  cells.  Its  abundance  is  dependent  upon  the  development 
of  the  strengthening  cells.  It  will  be  seen,  however,  that 
although  it  furnishes  no  diagnostic  characters,  it  is  probablv  most 
concerned  in  the  growth  of  the  pericarp. 

Each  carpel  primaril\-  contains  two  ovules,  one  of  which  soon 
becomes  aborted,  although  it  is  developed  sufficiently  to  display 
its  nucellub  and  integuments,  as  well  as  its  anatropous  character. 
The  other  ovule  eventually  occupies  the  whole  space  of  the 
ovarian  cavity. 

The  fibro-vascular  connection  of  the  ovules  with  the  plant 
axis  is  as  follows:  A  fibro-vascuiar  bundle  enters  each  carpel  at 
its  base,  thus  making  it  a  lateral  out-growtli  from  the  axis,  while 
the  axis  itself  continues  its  growth  in  the  carpophore.  The  car- 
pellary  bundle  almost  at  once  subdivides  into  five  branches,  and 
these  branches  ascend  the  carpellary  wall  beneath  the  five  primary 
ribs. 

The  two  lateral  bundles  (that  is,  those  beneath  the  lateral 
ribs)  are  the  largest,  as  they  contain  the  fibro-vascular  elements 
to  be  distributed  to  th.e  ovules.  These  lateral  bundles  pass  in  the 
carpellary  wall  to  the  very  summit  of  the  carpel,  and  then  send  a 
brancj  inwards  and  downwards  into  the  funiculus  of  the  anatro- 
pous ovule.  The  remaining  elements  of  the  fibro-vascular  bundle 
pass  on  to  the  floral  organs  and  stylopodium.  It  will  be  seen  that 
in  this  case,  as  in  Compositcc^  the  ovules  arc  lateral  outgrowths. 
A  point  or  two  in  the  development  of  the  ovule  may  be  mentioned 
in  this  connection.  At  first  both  ovules  lie  in  the  summit  of  the 
ovarian  cavity,  but  soon,  by  the  development  of  the  funiculus,  one 
is  thrust  toward  the  bottom,  with  the  micropyle  near  the  center  of 
the  cavity.     It  is  in  this  position   that  the    pollen  tubes  are  seen  to 


15 

cuter  the  inicr()p\k',  and  siil)sc(iiiciitl)-  the  ovule  Jevclopes  so  as  to 
fill  the  ovarian  cavitv.  The  aborted  ()\ule  is  retained  at  the  smn- 
mit  of  the  ca\it\-,  its  fuiiieulus  iie\er  dexelopini,',  and  its  niicropyle 
out  of"  reaeh  of  the  pollcn-tuhes,  even  if  its  nucellar  structures 
were  developed  to  iecei\e  tiiem. 

To  i-eeur  now  to  the  niatuie  seed,  it  will  he  found  to  consist 
niaiidy  of  a  much  developed  embryo-sac,  filled  with  endosperm 
and  a  small  embryo.  The  embryo-sac  never  entirely  replaces  the 
nucellus,  more  or  less  of  the  nucellar  tissues  being  found  on  the 
commissural  side,  either  pressed  a<2^ainst  the  flat  or  concave  face  of 
the  embryo-sac  or  cir.liraced  in  its  infolding-.  I  mportant  charac- 
ters have  been  obtained  frt)ni  the  comniissuial  face  of  the  seed, 
based  upon  the  fact  that  !t  may  be  convex,  plane,  concave,  or  more 
or  less  involute.  Great  care  should  be  exercised,  however,  to 
obtain  seed  of  perfect  maturity,  or  a  compaiison  f)n  this  basis  will 
amount  to  nothins:.  All  seeds  at  i^rst  ha\e  a  convex  or  plane  fiice, 
and  the  amount  of  concavity  or  infolding  will  depend  upon  the  de- 
velopment of  the  embryo-sac.  In  some  coses  the  embryo-sac,  in- 
stead of  devf^loping  uniformly,  developes  strongly  towards  the 
commissure  on  the  two  sides,  resulting  in  a  concave  or  involute 
seed-face.  This  variation  may  occur  in  the  mature  fruits  of  a  single 
spet:ies  (as  in  Euhp/ins),  so  that  there  may  be  found  plane  or  con- 
cave sccd-faccs  in  one  and  the  same  plant. 

Characters  used  in  classification. — By  far  the  most  im- 
portant characters  are  obtained  tVom  the  fruit.  The  three  scries  of 
Bentham  and  Hooker,  based  upon  simple  anil  compound  umbels 
and  oil-tubes,  we  ha\e  not  found  tenaV>le.  I'he  compounding  of 
umbels  is  too  irregular  in  some  genera  to  determine  their  proper 
position,  and  in  the  first  series,  with  "tvVAr  ad  valleculas  o,"  San- 
iciila  and  Eryngium  both  have  oil-tubes.  We  have  therefore 
divided  our  UmbcllifcriC  into  two  series,  based  upon  the  develop- 
meiit  of  secondary  ribs  or  not,  which  giouj)ing  practically  merges 
Bentham  and  Hooker's  first  and  second  series.  Our  second  series, 
which  is  by  far  the  larger,  v.e  iiave  broken  into  groups  based  upon 
the  flattening  of  the  fruit,  which  seems  to  be  a  \  ery  reliable  char- 
acter, and  one  which  best  groups  together  related  genera.  Char- 
acters which  arc  used  in  further  subdivisions,  enumerated  in  the 
Older  of  their  general  importance,  are  as  follows:   flattening  of  the 


carpel,  nature  of  the  stylopotlium,  winging  of  tiie  fruit,  character 
of  the  seed-face,  number  of  oil-tubes,  and  general  habit. 
Thus  genera  are  reached,  and  in  a  way  that  seems  to  express  re- 
lationship as  well  as  can  be  done  in  any  lineal  arrangement.  Oc- 
casionally genera  will  be  found  grouped  together  which  seem 
farther  apart  than  is  consistent  with  other  groupings.  This  fol- 
lows from  the  fact  that  \rc  are  only  dealing  with  Nortli  American 
plants,  and  the  intermediate  forms  not  lacing  represented  in  our 
flora,  it  hardly  seems  necessary  to  multiply  subdivisions.  It  will 
further  be  noted  that  the  presentation  of  genera  differs  but  little 
from  that  of  Bentham  &  Hooker,  the  only  radical  change  being  in 
associating  Hydrocotyh-  (Tribe  I)  with  Erigoiia  (Tribe  V), 
which  we  have  done  because  of  the  remarkable  lateral  flattening 
of  the  fruit. 

Directions  for  collection  and  study.— It  is  very  evident 
that  no  Umbellifer  is  fit  for  determination  unless  it  has  mature 
fruit.  That  this  cannot  be  too  strongly  insisted  upon  is  shown  by 
the  immense  amount  of  immature  and  hence  well-nigh  useless 
material  that  encumbers  our  herbaria.  The  great  confusion  in 
which  the  order  has  fallen  has  in  no  small  degree  arisen  from  the 
attempt  to  determine  the  relationships  of  these  immature  specimens. 
No  such  attempt  should  be  made,  for  it  v;ill  be  mere  guess-work 
at  the  best.  When  mature  fruit  has  been  obtained,  it  is  not  safe  to 
depend  upon  surface  inspection.  This  is  deceptive  even  in  the 
matter  of  oil-tubes,  and  has  led  to  confusion,  and  of  course  does 
not  reach  the  inner  structures  which  are  fully  as  important.  Nor 
can  a  section  of  the  dried  fruit  be  depended  upon,  for  the  import- 
ant characters  drawn  from  the  seed-face  j.re  more  or  less  disguised 
by  the  drying.  The  only  sure  method  is  as  follows:  Soften  and 
soak  the  fruit  until  it  has  regained  its  original  plumpness^  and  then 
make  a  series  of  thin  cross-sections  in  the  middle  region  of  the 
fruit.  Submitting  such  sections  to  an  inch  objective  the  required 
characters  will  be  easilv  and  clearlv  seen. 


3 This  may  be  done  in  a  moment  or  two  in  boiling  water,  but  it  is  far  better  to  soak  the 
fruit  slowly  in  cold  soft  water,  with  a  little  potash  if  it  is  particularly  hard,  and  in  a  day  or 
two  it  will  rejjain  all  its  original  phunpncss  gradually,  without  any  of  the  violent  action 
that  is  apt  to  come  from  boiling. 


17 
SYSTEMATIC  SYNOPSIS  OF  GENERA. 

A.  Fruit  zcit/i  scro//d(7rv  r/l>s  the  most  promiiiciit  or  t/ic 
only  (Dies:  oil -tubes  solitary  bouatli  the  sicoinlary  ribs  or  xc-ant- 
i/'o.'  sty lopodi lint  coiiical  [except  in  /hi/te/ts). 

I.  FniiL  with  bristly  prickles,  winged  secondary  rilis,  (ilii'orrii  pri- 
mary ribs,  and  shhiH  groups  of  strengthening  cells. 

1.  DauCUS.  C:il\-tectll  obsolete.  I'^niil  olihuit^,  llaltciicd 
elorsully.  Carpel  witii  5  slciitler  l)ristl\  jMimai\  rihs,  and  \ 
winged  .sccoiular\  ones  each  bearing  a  single  row  of  prominent 
barbed  prickles.  St\  lopcjdiinn  depressed  or  wanting.  Oil-tubes 
solitary  in  the  intervals  (that  is,  under  the  secondary  ribs),2on  the 
commissural  side.  Seed  flattened  dorsali\  ;  the  face  somewhat 
concase  oi"  almost  plane. 

2.  Caucalis.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate  or  ob- 
long, flattened  laterally.  Carpel  with  i)  filiform  bristly  primary 
ribs  (each  with  a  prominent  group  of  strengthening  cells),  and  4 
prominent  winged  secondary  ones  (without  strengthening  cells) 
with  barbed  or  hooked  prickles.  Stylopodium  thick- conical.  Oil- 
tubes  solitar)-  in  tlie  intervals  (that  is,  under  the  secondary  ribs), 
2  on  the  commissural  side.      Seed-face  deepl\-  sulcate. 

II.  Fruit  smooth,  with  tiliform  secondary  ribs,  no  primary  ribs,  and 
a  broad  conspicuous  band  of  strengthening  cells  about  the  seed-cavity 
(making  a  crustaceous  p^ricaip). 

3.  Trepocarpus.  Calyx-teeth  j:)romincnt,  unequal.  Fruit 
linear-oblong,  flattened  laterally.  Carpel  somewhat  dorsally  flat- 
tened, with  the  4  corky  secondary  ribs  prominent  and  thick  peri- 
carp. Stylopodium  conical,  with  very  short  style.  Oil-tubes  soli- 
tary beneath  the  secondary  ribs,  more  or  less  imbedded  in  the  seed 
and  adhering  to  it,  2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed-face  plane  or 
somewhat  concave. 

4.  Bifora.  Cal}x-teeth  evident.  l-'rnit  broader  than  long, 
flattened  laterally,  the  globose  carpels  in  contact  only  by  a  narrow 
commissuie.  Carpel  with  4  filiform  secondary  ribs  and  thin  very 
hard  pericarp.  Stylopodium  conical,  with  styles  recurved  over 
the  carpels.     Oil-tubes  none.     vSeed-face  deeply  concave. 

y.  Coriandrum.  Calyx-teeth  [jrominenl.  Fruit  globose, 
with  broad  commissure.       Carpel    with    inconspicuous    secondary 


18 

ribs.  Stylopodium  conical.  Oil-tubes  beneath  the  secondary  ribs 
and  obscure,  the  commissural  pair  lar_<fer.  vSced  dorsally  flattened, 
with  face  somewhat  concave. 

B.      Fruit  with  friiuary  ribs  only. 

I.  Fruit  strongly  fiattenccl  dorsally,  with  lateral  ribs  pioniiuently 
winged. 

*  Caulescent  branching  plants,  with  solitary  oil-tubes  (except  some 
species  of  Angelica),  depressed  stylopodium,  filitorm  to  winged  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs,  and  white  Howors 

(3.  Eurytaenia.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate,  <i^la- 
brous.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  approximate  and 
filiform  (rarely  Slightly  winji^ed);  laterals  very  prominent,  thick- 
winged  (prominently  r.erved  on  the  commissural  side)  but  with 
thin  margins  contiguous  with  those  of  the  other  carpel;  all  (espec- 
ially the  la*-erals)  with  prominent  groups  of  strengthening  cells. 
Oil-tubes  very  broad,  filling  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural 
side.     wSeed-face  plane. 

7.  Angelica.  Cal\x-teeth  mostlv  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or 
oblong,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  prominent  cienulate  disk. 
Carpel  with  strong  ribs,  each  with  a  group  of  strengthening  cells; 
laterals  broadly  v/inged,  distinct  from  those  of  the  other  carpel, 
forming  a  double-winged  margin  to  the  fruit.  Stylopodium  some- 
times slightly  conical.  Oil-tubes  one  to  several  in  the  intervals  or 
indefinite,  2  to  10  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed-face  plane  or 
somewhat  conca\e. 

8.  Selinum.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  to  obovate, 
less  flattened  than  in  the  last,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  with  more  or 
less  prominent  disk.  Carpel  with  prominent  winged  ribs;  laterals 
usually  broadest.  Oil-tubes  conspicuous,  2  to  -Ion  the  commissural 
side.     Seed  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with  plane  face. 

*  *  Caulescent  branching  plants,  with  solitary  oil-tubes  (except  in 
Conioselinum),  conical  stylopodium,  filiform  ,or  stronger  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs,  and  white  flowers. 

9.  Conioselinum.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong, 
glabrous.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  prominent 
(but  not  winged);  laterals  broadly  winged  and  thickish.  Stylopo- 
dium slightly  conical.       Oil-tubes   small,   2   or   H   in    the   intervals 


(rarely  1  in  a  dorsal  interval  or  4  in  a  lateral),  4  to  8  on  the  com- 
missural side.  Seed  with  bacU  almost  lonnd  and  slij^htlv  concave 
face. 

10.  Tiedemannia.  Caly\-teclh  e\i(lent.  i-^uit  ovate  to 
ohovate,  fi^labroiis.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
Hliform;  lateial  wings  closelv  contiguous  to  those  of  the  other 
carpel  and  nerved  dorsally  at  the  inner  margin  (giving  ti.e  ap- 
pearance of  5  filiform  rihs  on  the  hack  of  each  carpel);  strengthen- 
ing cells  beneath  the  dorsal  ribs  and  nerves  of  the  lateral  wings. 
Stylopodium  thick  short  conical.  Oil-tubes  2  to  iS  on  the  com- 
missural  side.      Seed-face  plane. 

11.  Heracleum.  Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete.  Fruit 
broadlv  ohovate,  very  much  flattened,  somewhat  pidiescent.  Car- 
l^el  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  rii)s  jlliform;  the  broad  lateral 
wings  contiguous  to  those  of  the  other  carpel,  strongly  nerved  to- 
wards the  outer  margin;  strengthening  cells  continuous  about  seed- 
cavity,  and  under  the  nerves.  Stylopodium  thick  conical.  Oil- 
tubes  about  half  as  long  as  the  carpel,  2  to  4  on  the  commissural 
side.     Seed  verv  much  flattened  dorsally. 

*  *  *  Caulescent  branching  plants,  with  solitary  or  numerous*  oil- 
tubes,  depressed  stylopodium  (or  none),  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs,  and  yellow  flowers. 

12.  Pastinaca.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oval,  very 
much  flattened,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  broad  lateral  wings  con- 
tiguous to  those  of  the  other  carpel,  and  strongly  nerved  towards 
the  outer  margin;  strengthening  cells  continuous  about  the  seed- 
cavity  and  under  the  nerves.  Stylopodium  depressed  lout  promi- 
nent. Oil-tubes  small,  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  com- 
missural side.      Seed  \erv  much  flattened  dorsallv. 

13.  Polytaenia.  Calyx-teeth  conspicuous.  Fiuit  ohovate 
to  oval,  much  flattened,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  small  or  oliscure  in  the  depressed  often  corky  bajk ; 
laterals  forming  broad  thick  c()rk\-  wings  closely  contiguous  to 
those  of  the  other  c;  rpcl  ar.d  forming  the  thick  margin  of  the 
fruit.  Stylopodium  wanting.  Oil-tubes  12  to  18  about  the  seed 
(4  to  6  on  the  commissural  side)   and    many    scattered  through  the 


'10 

thick    corky    pericarp,    which     also    contains    5     small    bundles  of 
strengthening  cells.      Seed-section  oval  or  much  flattened. 

*  *  *  *  Acauleiicent  or  nearly  so,  with  soliiary  or  numerous  oil-tubes, 
no  stylopodium,  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  (prominent  or  even 
siigiitly  winged  in  some  species  of  Cnlnpfera  and  in  PMeudocymopfenao 
and  variously  colored  flowers. 

14.  Coloptera.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  exident.  Fruit 
ovate,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intei-mediate  ribs  filiform 
or  winged  and  approximate;  lateral  wings  broad,  very  thick  and 
corky,  with  neither  nerves  nor  strengthening  cells,  coherent  till 
maturity  with  those  of  the  other  cai-pel,  forrning  a  broad  corky 
margin  to  the  fruit  usually  thicker  than  the  fi'uit  proper,  and  in 
cross-section  showing  a  neck-like  connection.  Oil-tubes  very 
small,  4  to  8  in  the  intervals,  8  to  14  on  the  commitjsural  side. 
Seed  very  flat,  with  plane  or  slightly  concave  face.  Dwarf  plants, 
with  small  simply  pinnate  (bipinnate  in  one  sjDccies)  or  lobed  leaves. 

15.  Leptotaenia.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  evident.  Fruit 
oblong-elliptical,  glabrous.  Carpel  as  in  Coloptera^  except  that 
the  thick  corky  lateral  wings  have  large  groups  of  thick-walled 
strengthening  cells,  and  the  dorsal  and  intermediates  are  always 
filiform  or  obscure;  conimissural  face  with  a  prominent  central 
longitudinal  ridge  left  after  separation  from  the  carpophore.  Oil- 
tubes  8  to  6  in  the  intervals,  4  to  6  on  the  commissural  side, 
mostly  small,  sometimes  obsolete.  Seed  very  flat,  with  plane  or 
slightly  concave  face.  Tall  and  stout,  with  large  pinnately  de- 
compound leaves. 

1(5.  Peucedanum.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  evident  (rarely 
much  enlarged).  Fruit  oblong  to  suborbicular,  glabrous  to  tomen- 
tose.  Carpel  with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform  and  ap- 
proximate; lateral  wings  broad  and  thin,  coherent  till  maturity 
with  those  of  the  other  carpel,  forming  a  broad  membranous  wing 
to  the  fruit ;  commissural  face  without  a  prominent  longitudinal 
ridge  after  separation  from  the  carpophore;  a  group  of  strengthen- 
ing cells  beneath  each  rib.  Oil-tubes  1  to  8  in  the  intervals,  2  to 
10  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  flat,  with  plane  or  slightly  con- 
cave face. 

17.  PseudocymopteruS.  Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit  ovate 
or  oblong.      Carpel  with  dorsal    and   intermediate  ribs  very  promi- 


21 

nciit  ;iiul  :iculc  (  soincl  iiius  sli^^htls  wiii^^Ltl) ;  l;il(.-i;il  wiiit^s  ratlit-r 
broad  and  thickisli,  distiutl  fiDiii  those  of  tlic  other  carpel;  a  f^roup 
of  strengtheniiiu:  cells  heiieath  each  ril).  Oil-tubes  1  to  4  in  the 
intervals,  2  to  ()  on  t!ie  coiiiniissural  side.  Seed  face  plane  or 
slightly  concave. 

II.     Fruit  not  (lattcned  eithei  way,  or  \mi  sliKl'tly. 

*  Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  conspicuously  wingod,  styiopodiura  dopress- 
<h1  or  wanting,  and  oil-tubes  ininierous  (except  in  TlmHjtium  and  some 
species  of  Cj/mnptmiK). 

18.  Cymopterus.  Calyx-teeth  more  O"  less  prominent. 
Fruit  usually  globose,  somewhat  llattcned  laterally  if  at  all.  Car- 
pel somewhat  flattened  dorsall},  with  mostly  5  broad  thin  equal 
vvings^(dorsal  or  intermediate  wings  sometimes  wanting);  lateral 
wings  distinct  from  those  of  the  other  carpel ;  pericarp  with  no 
strengthening  ce^Us  (indistinctly  deyeloped  in  one  species).  Stylo- 
podium  depressed.  Oil-tubes  one  to  several  in  the  intervals,  2  to  8 
on  the  commissural  side.  .Seed-face  from  slightl\-  concave  to 
deeply  sulcate. 

1*.).  PhellopteruS.  Calyx-teeth  small.  I-'ruit  globose,  gla- 
brous. Carpel  somewhat  flattened  dorsally,  with  T)  equal  broad 
and  corky-thickened  wings;  lateral  wings  distinct  from  those  of 
the  other  carpel;  pericarp  with  no  strengtliening  cells.  Stylopo- 
dium  depressed.  Oil-tubes  2  to  li  in  the  intervals  (but  appearing 
evenly  distributed  owing  to  the  narrowness  of  the  intervals),  4  to 
()  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed-face  slighly  concave.  A  low 
tojnentose-villous  sea-shore  herb. 

20.  Thaspium.  Calyx-teeth  conspicuous.  Fruit  ovoid  to 
oblong,  slightly  flattened  dorsally  if  at  all,  mostly  glabrous.  C;ir- 
pel  with  8  or  4  or  all  the  ribs  strongly  winged.  Stylopodium 
wanting;  styles  long.  Oil-lubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the 
commissural  side.  Seed  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  almost  terete 
or  somewhat  dorsally  flattened,  with   plane  face. 

*  *  Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  prominent  and  eciual  (intervals  broad),  acute 
or  sometimes  slightly  winged,  conical  stylopodium,  and  numerous  oil- 
tubes. 

21.  LigUSticum.  Calyx- teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  or 
ovate,  flattened  laterally  if  at  all,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  group  of 
strengthening   cells    beneath   each    rib.      Oil-tubes   2   to    15  (  mostly 


22 

3  to  5)  in  the  intervals,  6  to  10  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed 
with  round  or  angled  back,  face  from  plane  to  deeply  concave, 
with  or  without  a  central  longitudinal  ridge. 

*  *  *  Fruit  with  broad  and  equal  corky  ribs  (intervals  very  narrow), 
depressed  stylopodiuni.  and  solitary  oil-tubes. 

22.  Oreoxis.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  globose, 
slightly  flattened  laterally  if  at  all,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  very 
thick  and  prominent  corky  ribs,  each  with  a  large  group  of 
strengthening  cells.  Oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissural  side,  and  a 
small  one  in  each  dorsal  rib.  Seed  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes, 
with  somewhat  concave  face. 

23.  iEthusa.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fiuit  ovoid-globose, 
slightly  flattened  dorsallv,  glabrous.  Carpel  witli  thick  s>.arp  ribs, 
and  no  strengthening  cells  except  in  their  very  tips.  Oil-tubes  2 
on  the  commissural  side.      Seed-face  plane. 

24.  Coelopleurum.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  globose  to 
oblong,  slightly  flattened  laterally  if  at  all,  glabrous.  Carpel  with 
very  thick  and  prominent  corky  ribs  (none  of  them  winged),  each 
with  a  large  group  of  strengthening  cells.  Oil-tubes  small,  2  to  4 
on  the  commissural  side,  and  1  or  2  under  each  rib  (in  addition  to 
the  one  in  the  interval),  all  adhering  to  the  seed,  which  is  loose  in 
the  pericarp,  and  with  jolane  or  somewhat  concave  face. 

*  *  *  *  Fruit  with  very  thick  and  corky  lateral  ribs,  filiform  (or  some- 
what prominent)  dorsal  and  intermediates,  depressed  stylopodium  (except 
in  CunosciudiHtii),    and  solitary  oil-tubes  (except  in  Orogenia). 

25.  Orogenia.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  oblong,  very 
slightly  flattened  laterally,  glabrous.  Carpel  much  flattened 
dorsally,  with  filiform  tlorsal  and  intennediate  ribs;  laterals  exces- 
sively corky  thickened,  involute  (that  is,  extended  towards  the 
other  carpel,  leaving  between  the  commissural  faces  a  cavity, 
which  is  divided  longitudinally  by  a  thick  coi  ky  projection  from 
the  middle  of  each  face);  all  with  distinct  groups  of  strengthening- 
cells.  Oil-tubes  very  small,  3  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  com- 
missural side.      Seed-face  slightly  concave. 

26.  Crantzia.  Calyx-teeth  small.  Fruit  globose,  slightly 
flattened  laterall}',  glabrous.  Carpel  with  filiform  dorsal  and  in- 
termediate ribs;  laterals  verv  thick  and  cork\-  next  the  commissure; 


23 

each  with  a    small    fjioup    of    stren<^lhciii!ig  cclK.      (Jil-tiil)cs  "2  on 
the  commissural  siiL*.      Seed  terete. 

27.  CEnanthe.  Calyx-teeth  lath.er  prominent.  Fruit  glo- 
bose, slightly  flattened  laterall}-  if  at  all,  glahrous.  Carpel  (section 
about  semi-terete  )  with  bioad  obtuse  corky  ribs;  laterals  the  larg- 
est:  a  ban  I  of  strengtheniiiLC  cells  iinesting  seed  and  oil-tubes. 
Stylopodium  very  short-conical,  with  elongated  stxles.  Oil-tubes 
2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  sulcate  beneath  each  oil-tube 
(commissural  as  well  as  dorsal). 

28.  CynOSCiadium.  Calyx-teeth  persistent.  Fruit  ovoid, 
glal)rous.  Carpel  with  prominent  libs;  laterals  nuich  the  largest, 
forming  a  broad  cork\-  margin;  a  large  group  of  strengthening 
cells  in  each  rib.  Stxlopodium  conical.  Oil-tubes  2  on  the  com- 
missural side.      Seed  somewhat  flattened  dorsalh,  with   plane  face. 

III.     Fruit  Hattonod  laterally. 

*     Fruit  prickly  or  with  tuberculate  scales. 

29.  Eryngium.  Calyx-lobes  very  prominent,  rigid  and 
persistent.  Fruit  ovoid,  covered  with  hyaline  scales  or  tubercles. 
Carpel  with  ribs  obsolete.  Stylopodium  wanting;  styles  short  or 
long,  often  rigid.  Oil-tubes  mostly  5  (8  dorsal  and  2  commissural). 
Seed-face  j^lane. 

•50.  Sanicula.  Calyx-teeth  somewhat  foliaceous,  persistent. 
Fruit  sub.-gloliose,  denseU'  covered  v/ith  hooked  prickles,  or  tuber- 
culate. Carpel  with  neither  ribs  ;ior  strengthening  cells.  Stylo- 
podium depressed.  Oil-tubes  mostly  large,  5  (3  dorsal  and  2  com- 
missural ),  or  8  to  ly  irregu'arlv  distributed.  Seed-face  from  plane 
to  deeply  concave  or  sulcate. 

r)8.      LeptOCaulis  niay  be  looked  ft)r  here, 

*  *     Fruit  noitlier  prickly  nor  s(!aly. 

t     Carpels  flattened  dorsally. 

(1)  Fruit  with  plane  secd-fa.v.  solitary  oil-tubes,  conical  stylopodium, 
prominent  ribs,  and  stiengthening  cells  continuous  about  the  seed-cavity 
(excepting  the  introduced  Faniiculum). 

81.  AmmOSelinum.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate. 
Carpel  with  prominent  equal  more  or  less  scabrous  ribs;  laterals 
closeh-  contiguous  to  those  of  the  otlier  carpel,  forming  appai'ently 


24 

a  single  broad  rib;  pericaip  exc^eeilingly  bard,  composed  ahnost 
entirely  of  strengthening  cells.  Styles  ^•erv  short.  Oil-tubes  2 
on  the  commissural  side;  all  rather  small  and  not  close  to  seed- 
cavity.     Seed  dorsallv  flattened. 

82.  Foeniculum.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong,  gla- 
brous. Carpel  with  prominent  ribs,  each  with  a  group  of  strength- 
ening cells.  Oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  some- 
what dorsally  flattened. 

(2).  Fruit  with  plane  seed-face,  numerous  oil-tubes,  depressed  or 
cushion-like  stylopodiura,  and  filiform  ribs. 

38.  Podistera.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  elliptic- 
ovate,  glabrous.  Carpel  oblor.g-pentagonal  in  cross-section,  the 
ribs  slender  and  distinct.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Oil-tubes  2 
or  8  in  the  intervals,  6  on  the  commissural  side. 

84.  Pimpinella.  Calvx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong  to 
ovate,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  equal  slender  ribs  (sometimes  almost 
obsolete).  Stylopodium  depressed  or  cushion-like.  Oil-tubes  2  to 
()  in  the  intervals,  4  to  8  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  somewhat 
dorsally  flattened,  with  plane  or  slightly  convex  face. 

(3).  Fruit  with  concave  seed-face,  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals 
and  beneath  the  ribs,  depressed  stylopodium,  and  obscure  or  obsolete  ribs. 

85.  Apiastrum.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or 
cordate,  more  or  less  tuberculate.  Carpel  with  thin  pericarp  and 
no  strengthening  cells.  Stylopodium  minute,  with  short  style. 
Oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissural  side.  vSeed-face  narrowly  con- 
cave or  sulcate. 

(4).  Fruit  with  concave  seed-face,  iiumerou.5  oil-tubes,  conical  or  de- 
pressed stylopodium,  and  filiform  ribs. 

8(5.  Musenium.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong.  Carpel  with  equal  filiform  ribs,  and  thin  pericarp 
with  no  distinct  strengthening  cells.  Stylopodium  depressed. 
Oil-tubes  usually  8  in  the  intervals,  very  unequal  in  size  (middle 
one  largest),  2  to  4  on  the  commissural  side.  vSeed-face  broadly 
concave. 

87.  Eulophus.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ovate  to 
linear-oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  equal  filiform  ribs,  and  thin 
pericarp  with  a  very  small   group   of    strengthening    cells  beneath 


each  rib.  .Styli-podium  Loiiical,  with  loii;^  ;in(l  rcciii\c"!  st\  k-><. 
Oil-tubes  ]  to  ")  in  tiic  inlciv  als,  4  t<«  !S  on  the  cointiiissiiial  side, 
and  a  small  t^Moiip  in  the  {jarciuhyma  of  the  eoniniissnral  sulcus. 
Seed-face  broadK    coiicaxe,  with  a  central  lont^it iidinal  rid<^e. 

(.')i.  Fruit  with  concave  secd-fiuc.  no  oil  tiilios.  coiijciil  or  lU-prcsfcit'il 
styiopodiuin,  and  obsoU'te  or  filiform  rilis. 

•{8.  AnthriscuS.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear, 
notched  at  base,  loni;-bcaked  (in  ours),  j^jlabrous.  Carpel  uithont 
ribs,  lint  beak  ribbed;  pericarp  thin,  w-tli  neither  stienn;lheninL;- 
cells  noi-  oil-lube^.      St\  lopodinui  conical.      Seed-face  sulcalc. 

8i).  Bupleurum.  Cal\N-teeth  obsolete.  I'rnit  oblonj^,  with 
rather  broad  commissure.  Carpel  w  ilh  e(pial  \eiy  slender  oi- 
]>romiiieiit  ribs,  each,  w  ith  a  very  small  j^roup  of  strcnLithenin;^ 
cells.  Stylopodium  piomincnt  and  Hat.  Oil-tubes  wantyig  or 
continuous  about  seed-ca\  it\  .  Seed-face  plane  or  somewhat  con- 
cave. 

t   t     Ciupels  terete  oi  slightly  liiilteiie<i  laterally. 

(1).  Fruit  linear- oblong,  with  coupuve  seed-face,  conical  styktpodiutu, 
and  prominent  strengthening  cidls. 

4(1.  Chaerophyllum.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  nar- 
rowly oblonj;-  to  linear,  notched  at  base,  with  short  beak  or  none. 
Carpel  with  equal  ribs,  each  with  a  lar_ue  <4rou[)  of  strengthening 
cells  usually  occupying  the  whole  thickness  of  the  thick  pericarp. 
Styles  short.  Oil-tubes  small,  mostlv  solitary  in  tJie  intervals,  2  on 
the  commissural  side.      .Seed-face  more  or  less  decpK'  sulcate. 

41.  Osmorhiza.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear  to 
linear-oblong,  more  or  less  attenuate  at  base,  acute  abo\  e,  glabrous 
or  bristly  on  the  ribs.  Carpel  slightly  Hattened  dorsally  or  not  at 
all,  nearly  pentagonal  in  section,  with  etjual  ribs,  thin  pericarp, 
and  a  well  defined  group  of  strengthening  cells  beneath  each  ril). 
Stylopodium  sometimes  depressed;  styles  long  or  short.  Oil-tubes 
obsolete  in  mature  fruit  (often  numerous  in  young  fruit  ).  Seed- 
face  from  slightly  concave  to  deeply  snlcate. 

i2i.     Fruit  with  concave  seed-face  and  deprt>ssed  stylopodium. 
(a  .1     ()il-tult«s  luunerous. 

42.  Velaea.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  prominent.  Fruit 
oblong    to   orbicular,    glabrous    or    pubescent.      Carpel    somewhat 


26 

flattened  laterally,  with  prominent  equal  filiform  ribs  (the  inter- 
mediates somewhat  distant  from  the  laterals),  and  a  thin  pericarp 
with  a  verv  small  ill-defined  group  of  strengthening  cells  beneath 
each  rib.  Oil-tubes  conspicuous,  8  to  6  in  the  intervals,  4  to  10  on 
the  commissural  side  (sometimes  almost  continuous).  Seed  terete; 
the  face  strongly  involute,  enclosing  a  central  cavity. 

48.  Museniopsis.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  oblong, 
glabrous.  Carpel  somewhat  fiattened  laterally,  with  equal  filiform 
ribs  (the  intermediates  somewhat  distant  froin  the  laterals),  and  a 
thin  pericarp  with  ill-defined  stiengthening  cells  beneath  the  ribs. 
Oil-tubes  3  to  4  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissuial  side.  Seed 
terete;  the  face  with  a  deep  and  narrow  sulcu;;. 

(b).     Oil-tubes  none. 

44!  Conium.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  glabrous. 
Carpel  with  prominent  wavy  ribs,  each  with  a  large  bundle  of 
strengthening  cells.  Oil-tubes  none,  but  a  layer  of  secreting  cells 
next  the  seed.     Seed  face  deeply  and  narrowly  concave. 

(3).  Fruit  with  plane  seed-face,  depressed  stylopodium,  and  numei- 
ous  oil-tubes. 

89.     Bupleurum   may  be  looked  for  here. 

45.  Sium.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Fruit  .o\ate  to  oblong, 
glabrous.  Carpel  with  prominent  corky  nearly  equal  ribs,  each 
with  a  promineat  group  of  strengthening  cells  at  tip.  Styles 
short.  Oil-tubes  1  to  8  in  the  intervals  (never  solitary  in  all  the 
intervals),  2  to  6  on  the  commissural  side.     Seed  sub-angular. 

(4).  Fruit  witti  plane  seed-face,  depressed  stylopodium  (or  none),  ^nd 
solitary  oil-tubes  in  all  the  intervals. 

(a).     Kibs  broad  and  corky,   without   strengthening  cells  oi  nearly  so. 

46.  Apium.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate  or  broader 
than  long,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  prominent  obtuse  nearly  equal 
ribs,  and  no  strengthening  cells.  Stylopodium  wanting  or  de- 
pressed. Oil-tubes  2  on  the  coinmissural  side.  Seed  section 
round. 

47.  Harbouria.  Calyx-teeth  evident.  Fruit  ovate,  with 
narrow  commissure  (carpels  appearing  nearly  distinct),  tubercu- 
late-roughened.       Carpel    (round     in    section)     with    ccjual    broad 


27 

olitusc  \ci\  proiuiiicnl  ril)s,  a  Muall  <;H'ii|)  of  sticn{^lliciiiii<^  cclU 
in  each;  the  narrow  commissme  pioniint-ntly  corky-thickcuccl, 
partly  ilivided  l)y  a  i^roove.  Stylopocliinu  depressed  or  wantinj^. 
Oil-tubes  large,  2  on  the  eonmiissural  side.  Sced-seetion  nearlv 
round. 

ibi.     Ivilis  liliforiii,  witli  iiiDiiiiiicnl  strongtlieiiiiig  ccIIh. 

48.  Aletes.  Calyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  ohlonjr,  gla- 
brous. Carpel  with  ecjual  and  prominent  libs.  Stylo])odium  de- 
pressed. Oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  broad  intervals,  2  on 
the  commissural  side,  and  a  small  one  in  each  ril).  Seed  sulcate 
beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with  face  plane  or  slightly  concave.  Acau- 
lescent  mountain  plants. 

4i).  Zizia.  C:.lyx-teeth  prominent.  Fruit  o\ate  to  oblong, 
glabrous.  Stylopodium  wanting;  styles  long.  Oil-tubes  large 
and  solitary  in  the  broad  inteivals,  2  on  the  commissural  side,  and 
a  small  one  in  each  rib.  Seed  terete,  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes. 
Caulescent  prairie  and  meadow  plants. 

(■)).  Fruit  with  piano  sood-face,  conical  stylopodium,  and  solitarv  oil- 
tubes. 

50.  Carum.  Cal\  \-leeth  small.  Fruit  ovate  or  ol>long, 
glabrous.  Carpel  with  filiform  or  inconspicuous  ribs,  without 
strengthening  cells.  Oil-ducts  2  to  ()  on  the  commissural  side. 
Seed  dorsally  fl.^ttened,  more  or  less  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes; 
the  face  plane  or  slightly  concave. 

51.  Cicuta.  Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent.  Fruit  oblong 
to  nearly  orbicular,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  strong  flattish  corky 
ribs,  the  laterals  largest,  without  strengthening  cells.  Oil-tubes  2 
on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  nearly  terete  or  somewhat 
dorsally  flattened. 

52.  Cryptotaenia.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  I' mil  linear- 
oblong,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  obtuse  equal  ribs,  each  subtended 
l)y  a  very  broad  group  of  strengthening  cells  (2  groups  also  on  the 
commissural  side  ).  Stylopodium  slender  C()nic;d.  ( )il-tubes  soli- 
tary beneath  each  rib  (as  well  as  in  the  inter\als),  2  to  4  on  the 
commissural  side.      Seed    somewhat    sulcate    beneath  the  oil-tubes. 

58.     LeptOCaulis.      Calyx-teeth       obsolete.        Fruit       ovate, 


28 

bristly  or  liil)LTciil;itc.  Carjjcl  witli  sonicwliat  pioininent  or  obso- 
lete ribs,  thickijh  pericarp,  and  prominent  groups  of  strengthening 
cells.  St\lopoclinm  somewhat  piominent.  Oil-tubes  2  on  the 
conimissiii-al  side. 

")4.  Discopleura.  Calyx-teeth  siUcdl  or  ol-isolete.  Fruit 
o\ate,  glabrous.  Carpel  with  tlorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform 
to  l)road  and  obtuse;  the  laterals  very  thick  and  cork),  closely  con- 
tigiions  to  those  of  the  other  carpel,  forming  a  dilated  obtuse  oi' 
acute  corky  band  ;  all  subtended  by  strengthening  cells.  Oil-tubes 
2  on  the  commissuial  side.  Seed  iiearlv  terete  (somewhat  sulcate 
beneath  the  oil-tubes)  or  with  a  Hattish  face. 

((ii.  t'luit  with  piano  sfed-faoe.  conical  stvlopodiuni.  and  nuniorous 
oil-tubes. 

55.  Berula.  Calvx-teeth.  minute.  Fruit  nearly  round, 
emarginate  at  base,  glal^rous.  Carpel  nearly  globose,  with  ver)- 
slender  inconspicuous  ribs,  thick  corky  pericarp,  and  no  strengthen- 
ing cells.  Oil-tubes  numerous  and  contiguous,  closely  surround- 
ing the  seed  cavity.      Seed  terete. 

5(i.  ^gopodium.  Calvx-teeth  obsolete.  Fiuit  o\ate,  gla- 
brous. Carpel  with  equal  filiform  ribs  (with  broad  and  equal  in- 
tervals), each  containing  strong  groups  of  strengthening  cells;  peri- 
carp with  no  oil-tubes,  but  with  a  layer  of  large  parenchyma  cells 
surrounding  th.e  seed-cavity  (as  in  Ciyptotctnia).  .St\lopodium 
prominent.     Carpel  and  seed-section  nearly  round. 

(7).  Fruit  with  piano  seed-face,  depressed  styiopodium,  no  oil-tubes, 
and  continuous  band  of  stiengthonuig  colls  about  the  seed-cavity. 

57.  Bowlesia.  Cahx-teeth  rather  prominent.  Fruit  broadly 
ovate,  with  narrow  c(Mnn-.issure  (carpels  appearing  nearly  dis- 
tinct), and  stellate  pubescence.  Carpel  turgid,  becoming  depressed 
on  the  back,  with  neither  rii)s  nor  oil-tubes;  the  wdiole  dorsal 
region  inflated,  the  s(>ed-ca\ity  being  on  the  cominissural  side  of 
the  carpel-section.  Seed  flattened  dorsallv;  the  face  and  back 
plane  or  con\e:^. 

t  +  +  Carpels  las  well  as  fruit)  strongly  ilattenod  laterally:  styiopo- 
dium depressed. 

58.  HydroCOtyle.  Calyx-teeth  minute  or  obsolete.  Fruit 
moie  oi-  less  orbicular.      Carpel   with    5    primai}-    ribs    (additional 


29 

sccoiuhiiy  ones  with  reticiilatiuiis  in  oik-  species);  tlie  dorsal  mar- 
_<rinal,  broad  or  liliform;  ititcrnu-diates  lilifonn  (i;iicl\-  obsolete), 
iisuaih'  curved;  laterals  filiform  oi^  hioad,  distinct  from  those  of 
the  other  carpel  or  conHiient;  a  proiViiiieiil  oilhearin;^  la}er  be- 
neath the  epidermis,  occasionally  containiiij^-  sn^all  oil-tubes, 
usualh'  a  thick  la\er  of  streii_<flheninn^  cells  surroundiuij  the  seed- 
cavity. 

"»'.'.  Erigenia.  C'al\\-leeth  obsolete.  I'ruil  nearly  orbicu- 
lar, iiotchetl  at  base  and  ape;-;,  ^;labrous,  thin  between  the  incurved 
carpels.  Carpel  \".ith  eipial  liiiform  libs,  \ery  thin  pericai'p,  and 
streiifjthenino-  eells  beneath  the  ribs.  Oil-tubes  1  to  :5  in  the  in- 
tervals, y  to  11  on  the  commissural  side  (from  which  extends  a 
prominent  corky  necK-like  projection,  mcetin<(  its  fellow  from  the 
other  carpel  and  formin<;^  the  thin  ;.rea  between  the  cur\  ed  car- 
pels).   Seed-face  narrov/ly  and  deeply  sulcate. 


ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  GENERA. 

I.      Fruit  prickly  or  scaly. 

*  Fruit   prickly  along'  the  ril>s :    umbels  cotnpoutid :  leaves 
pi  una  t  civ  decani  pound. 

Stylopodium  depif-ssed  or  wantiiifj Dauci-s,     1 

Stylopodiura  conleal C'aicalis,     2 

*  *      Fruit  zvitkout  ribs^  prickly  or  scaly  all  over. 

Flowers  in  a  globose  or  oblong  head:  fiuit  with  tubenu- 

late scales:  leaves  mostly  coriaceous  and  pri^-kly  EnvNciif^i.  21) 

JMowers  in  irregularly  compounded  umbels:  fruit  covered 
with  hooked  piickles:  leaves  mostly  palmate,  with 
toothed  or  incised  lobes SamcitjA,  .'!(» 

Fruit  covered  with  liooked  prickles:  h\iv(>s  finely  dissect- 
ed  Lrptocailis.  ."):! 

II.      Fruit  not  prickly  nor  scaly. 

*  Fruit  strouoly jlattened  dorsally.,  xcit/i  lateral  ribs  promi- 
nently winged. 

Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inleivals. 
Stylopodium  conical. 


30 

Slender  and  glabroub:   loaves   simply  pinnate  or  re- 
duced to  petioles Tiedemannia,  10 

Stout  and  pubescent:  leaves  large  andternately  com- 
pound   Heracleitm,    1 1 

Stylopodiura  depressed. 
Caulescent  and  branching. 
Flowers  white. 

Slender:  leaves  pinnately  dissected:  dorsal  ribs 

fdiform:  Texan Et-kyt.jenia,     (I 

Stout:  leaves  ternately   or  pinnately  compound: 

dorsal  ribs  prominent .\n-geli('a,     7 

Stout:  leaves  pinnately  decompound:  dorsal  ribs 

winged Selinxjm,     S 

Flowers  yellow Pastinaca,  U 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so Pextcedanum,  l(i 

Oil-tubes  more  than  one  in  the  intei'vals. 
Caulescent  and  branching. 
Dorsal  ribs  obsolete;  laterals  corky  thickenecj:  flow- 
ers  yellow POLYT.^^NIA,    U 

Dorsal  ribs  prominent;  laterals  not  corky  thickened: 
flowers  white. 

Leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  compound Angelica,     7 

Leaves  much  more  compounded Conioselinttm,     i) 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so. 
Lateral  wings  corky-thickened:  dorsal  ribs  filiform. 

Dwarf,  with  small  pinnate  or  lobed  leaves Coi-optera,   14 

Tall  and  stout,  with  large  pinnately  decompound 

leaves Leptot.:Enia,  1."^ 

Lateral  wings  membranous:  dorsal  ribs  filiform Pet'ceuanxim,  Ki 

Lateral  wings  thickened;  dorsal  ribs  very  prominent 

or  sUghtlv  winged Pseudocymoptekus,   17 

*  *     Priiit  lut    strong-Iy  Jiattcned    dorsally    [iisically  some- 
what laterally  fattened). 

Oil-tubes  none. 
Seed-face  concave. 
Stylopodium  conical. 

Fruit  linear-oblong,  glabrous Anthrischs,  38 

Fruit  linear-oblong,  bristly Osmokhiza,  41 

Fruit  of  nearly  distinct  globose  carpels Bifoka,     4 

Stylopodium  depressed. 

Leaves  simple  and  perfoliate Bt'pIiEttrum,  39 

Leaves  large  and  decompound Conium,  44 

Seed-face  plane. 

Leaves  simple  and  lobed:  southwestern BowiiEsiA,  57 

Loaves  biternate:  Introduced  at  the  east .Sgopodium,  .'iti 


31 

Oil-tubes  solitary  iii  tlio  intervals. 
Stylopodiuin  conical. 

Leaflets  (at  least  the  upper)  linear  t(<  lilifomi. 
Involucre  wanting:  introduced. 

Flowers  white Cokiandkitm,     .i 

Flowers  yellow FoiniccIjUM,  32 

Involucre  present:  (lowers  white  (e.\cei)ting  Aninio- 
Me'inuin). 
Low  and  difl'use,  with  ternatcly  divided  leaves.  .  .\MMOsEiiiNiM,  :il 
Leaves  finely  nissected. 
Fruit  linear-oblong:  invohicral  bracis  few  and 

linear TREPOcAKPrs,     3 

Fruit  ovate:  involucre  foliaeeous DiscopLErRA,  54 

Fruit  ovate,  tuberculate Leptoc.vulis.  53 

Leaves  with  few  leallets. 

Lateral  ribs  thick  and  corky:  southern Cyxohciadium,  2S 

Hibs  all  fUiform:  western Carum,  50 

Leallets  broader. 

Seed-face   concavt; Ch.*:kophyllim,  40 

Seed  face  plane. 

Fruit  oblong  to  orbicular Ck'UTA,  51 

Fruit  linoar-oblong Oryptot^nia,  52 

Stylopodiuni  depressed. 
Flowers  white. 

Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  conspicuously  winged Cymopterus,   1»; 

Fruit  with  ecjual,    broad  and   corky   ribs,    and  no 
strengthening  cells. 
Fruit  small  ( not  ovej-  a  line  loiigi.  flattened  later- 
ally  Apxim,  4(i 

Fruit  larger,  ovoid-globose -Ethusa,  2:5 

Fruit  with  thick  corky  lateral  libsand  filiforni  dor- 
sals, all  with  strengthening  cellb:   aquatic 

Leaves  reduced  to  hollow  jointed  petioles Crantzia,  2(5 

Leaves  pinnate  or  decompound:  western CEnanthe,  27 

Fruit  with  obscure  or  obsolete  ribs Api.\strum,  35 

Flowers  yellow. 

Fruit  with  ribs  conspicuously  winged. 

Low   and   often   cespitoso.    with    finely   divided 

leaves:  western Cymoi-teris.   1^ 

Tall  and   branching,  with   largei-.  more  coarsely 

divided  leaves Thaspum,  20 

Fruit  with  eijual,  broad  and  ct)rky  ribs:  Rocky  Mts. 

Low,  eespitose:  high  alpine Oreoxis,  22 

Foot  or  more  high:  in  the  foot-hills •.  .Harbouria.  47 

Fruit   with  filiform  tibs. 
Tall  and  branching,   with  broad  leallets:  mostly 

f astern Zizia.  4!) 


32 

Acaulescenl  and  oespitose:  Eooky  MLs Aletes,  48 

Oil-tubes  more  than  one  in  the  intervals. 
Stylopodium  conical. 
Fruit  oblong  or  ovale,  with  prominent  e(iuul  ribs.    .  .  .Luuisticum.  21 
Fruit  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  with  equal  filiform  ribs. . .  .Eulophus,  37 
Fruit  round,  with  globose  car[)els,  and  very  slender 

inconspicuous  ribs Bekula,  a5 

Stylopodium  depressed. 

Seed-face  decido<lly  concavcr  fiuit  with  all   the  ribe 
filiform. 

Carpels  flattened  dorsally Musenium,   'Mi 

Carpels  terete. 

Seed-face  in\  oiute,  enclosing  central  cavity VEii.^^A,  42 

Seed-face  with  a  deep  and  narrow  sulcus Museniopsis,  43 

Seed-face  plane  oi-  but  slightly  concave. 

Fruit  with  all  the  ribs  conspicuously  winged PHEiiiiOPTEKUS,   lit 

Fruit  with  prominent  ecjual  corky  ribs. 

Fruit  not  llaltened  either  v,'ay CcEijOpiiErKUM,  24 

Fruit  flattened  laterally Siitm.  45 

Fruit  with   thick   corky   lateral   ribs   and  filiform 

dorsals  and  intermediates Orogenia,  25 

FrvJt  with  all  the  ribs  filiform. 

Very  small,  acaulescent,  high  alpine  plant Podisteka,  3.S 

Caulescent,  low  ground  plants PiMPiNELiiA,  34 

*   *   *      Fruit  strongly  flattened  laterally. 

Marsh  or  acjuatic  plants,  with  simple  leaves   Hyi>KO(()T\i,K,  .")S 

Eich   ground    vernal    plants,    with   temately  compound 

leaveb Eiuhenia,  .">!} 


SYNOPSIS  OF  SPECIES. 

1.  DAUCUS  Linn.  Gen.  n.  888.— Bristly  annuals  or  bien- 
nials, witii  pinnately  dccon';ponnd  leaves,  foliaceous  and  cleft  in- 
volucral  bi-acts,  involuccls  of  entire  or  toothed  bractlets,  and  white 
flowers  in  coiica\  e  umlels  (connivent  in  fruit). 

1.  D.  pusillus  Michx.  Fl.  i.  1(U.  Stems  retrorsely  papillate- 
hispid,  from  an  inch  to  two  feet  high:  leaves  finely  dissected  into 
narrowly  linear  segments:  umbels  unequally  few  to  many-rayed; 
rays  J^  to  li4  inches  long;  pedicels  very  unequal,  from  8  lines 
long  to  almost  wanting:  fruit  li^  to  2i^  lines  long.  (Fig.  1.) 


33 

Itiiuging  across  the  continent  lioni  the  S.  Atlantic  stutcH  to  S.  C'nli- 
toniia,  ni.d  along  tho  Pacillc  coast  to  Vancouver  Island  iMftroinij  and 
N'ootka  Sound  (Sroultr). 

Tho  varieties  microphyUiiH  and  Hciihcr  depend  entirely  upon  the  vary- 
ing character  of  the  hairs,  a  character  not  to  be  relied  upon  This  species 
is  evidently  the  Aiufricai)  lepresenlativf  of  tin-  widely  distributed 
D.  Cin-old  L. 

D.  CAKor.v  L.,  the  Lulti\  atcd  canot,  has  l)cc<)mc  c\lciisi\cl\- 
naluraUzccl.  The  stems  arc  biistly,  leaves  more  coarsely  rliviilecl 
(the  ultimate  segments  lanceolate  and  cuspidate),  umbels  with 
more  numerous  and  elongated  rays  and  more  prominent  in- 
volucies,  and  frull  L;enerall\'  laii^er. 

2.  CAUCALIS  Linn.  (Jen.  n.  381. -Mostly  hispid  annuals, 
(ours)  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves  (with  very  small  segments), 
and  white  flowers.  The  primary  lateral  ribs  are  pushed  around 
upon  the  commissural  face,  making  a  very  narrow  commissure, 
while  the  adjoining  secondary  ribs  become  marginal.  Closely 
resembles  Dauciis. 

1.  C.  microcarpa  lIooU.  iV  Am.  Bot.  Beechey,  348.  Erect, 
slender,  3  to  15  inches  high,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  much  dis- 
sected, slightly  hiopid :  umbels  at  the  ends  of  stem  and  branches, 
very  unecjually  3  to  ()-raved,  with  iuNolucre  of  toliaceous  tlivided 
bracts,  and  involucels  of  entire  or  somewhat  divided  bractlets;  rays 
slender,  3  inches  or  less  long;  pedicels  very  unecjual:  fruit  oblong, 
2  to  3  lines  long,  arned  with  rows  of  hooked  prickles;  the  primary 
lateral  ribs  near  the  margin  of  commissural  face.     (Fig.  ~.) 

Washington  Teiritory  (Sukmlorf),  Oregon  [Ht'iidersoii).  California, 
and  Arizona  (Palmer,  Pringlc).     Fl.  April  and  May. 

C.  NODOSA  Hudson.  Decumbent,  branching  (jnly  at  base, 
stems  1  or  2  feet  long,  retrorsely  hispid:  umbels  naked,  opjX)site 
the  leaves  and  nearly  sessile,  of  2  or  3  very  short  rays:  fruit  ovate- 
oblong,  a  line  long,  entirely  covered  with  rough  tubercles  or 
usually  with  stout  barbed  or  hooked  prickles;  the  priniarv  lateral 
ribs  near  the  very  narrow  commissure.     (Fig.  3.) 

Native  of  Europe  and  N.  Africa,  introduced  into  Chili  and  Peru,  and 
thence  into  California;  Texas  [Hull);  ballast  ground,  Port  Eads,  Louisiana 
^Langloin);  near  Baltimore  (Foreman);  ballast  ground  near  Philadelphia 
^^farli)uhlle)■,  near  Ames,  Iowa  (Burgess). 

C.   AxTiiKiscri^  Hudson,   with     1    ;j-pinnale  leaves  and  broad 


34 

leaflets,  and  more  regularly  compounded  umbels,  seems  to  be 
naturalized  near  Buffalo,  X.  Y.  (G.  W.  C/into?i),  Cincinnati,  Ohio 
(C.  G.Lloyd,  Bot.  Gazette,  iv.  148),  and  Painesville,  Ohio  (  W. 
C.    Werner). 

C.  I.ATIFOI.IA  L.,  with  pinnate  leaves  having  few  subpinnatifid 
leaflets,  and  large  spiny  fruit,  has  been  found  on  ballast  ground 
near  Philadelphia  ( /.  C.  Mart'indale). 

8.  TREPOCARPUS  Nutt.  inDC.  Mem.  Umbel.  56.— 
Glabrous  annuals,  with  thin  pinnately  decompound  leaves  and 
linear  segments,  lateral  few-rayed  umbels  opposite  the  leaves,  in- 
volucre and  involucels  of  few  linear  entire  or  divided  bracts,  and 
white  flowers. 

1.  T.  iEthusae  Nutt.  1.  c.  From  a  few  inches  to  3  feet 
high:  umbels  2  to  5-rayed;  umbellets  few-flowered,  with  very 
short  pedicels:  fruit  4  or  5  lines  long.     (Fig.  4.) 

Prairies,  from  Arkansas  to  Louisiana,  Texas,  and  Indian  Territory. 
FI.  June  and  July. 

4.  BIFORA  Hoffm.  Umb.  Gen.  191.— Slender  smooth  an- 
nals, with  leaves  pinnately  dissected  into  filiform  segments,  in- 
volucre and  involucels  of  few  small  bracts,  and  white  flowers  in 
few-rayed  umbels. 

1.  B.  Americana  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  i.  920.  A  foot 
or  more  high,  branching  above,  rays  and  angles  of  stems  (espec- 
ially summit  of  internodes)  roughened  with  minute  callous  points: 
umbels  5  to  8-rayed;  rays  6  to  9  lines  long;  pedicels  about  a  line 
long:  fruit  li^  lines  long,  2i/<  lines  broad.  (Fig.  5.) — Atrciua 
Americana  DC. 

Dry  ground,  mostly  in  Texas,  and  extending  into  Arkansas.  Tlie 
reference  of  this  species  to  Missouri  (Trari/),  in  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.  295,  was 
a  mistake. 

B.  RADIANS  Bieb,  from  the  Mediterranean  region,  has  been 
collected  on  ballast  near  Philadelphia,  Penn.  {Martindale)  and 
Providence,  R.  I,  (^Bennett) 

5.  CORIANDRUM  Linn.  Gen.  n.  356.— Annual  slender 
branching  glabrous   herbs,    with    pinnately    compound    leaves,  no 


involucre,  iiuolucfls  of  ^ie\c•l•;ll    sin;ill    ikhtdw    luactlcts,  aiid  white 
Howers. 

C.  SAT1\'UM  L.,  the  common  coriander,  native  of  the  E. 
Mediterranean  region,  and  extensively  culti\  atcvl.  Lowest  leaves 
with  broadlv  ovate  or  cuncate  deeply  cut  segments. 

Said  to  be  "naturalized*"  around  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico  (rr'ra//,  Plant. 
Fendl.  ")7,)  and  "introducexl"  in  Unionville  YaiUiy,  Nevada  (ira/xo/i,  Bot. 
King's  Exped.  JIU).  Also  eollecled  in  lootiiilis  of  Kocky  MtH,  in  Colorado 
{Parri/),  and  in  San  Diego  county,  California  (Liion).  Coninioidy 
escaped  from  cultivation.  Also  collected  on  ballast  near  Piiiladelphia 
Penn.  {MartindaU-),  and  Portland,  Oregon  (HeiitlrrMon). 

G.  EURYT.ENIA  Torr.  A:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  (>:«.-  (ilabrous 
branching  herbs,  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  involucre  anil  in- 
volucels  of  cleft  bracts,  and  white  flowers. 

This  genus  closely  resembles  DiHcopIeuru,  but  seems  liulTiciently  dis- 
tinct in  its  more  tiattened  carpels,  thick  winged  lateral  libs,  depressed 
stylopodium,  and  remarkably  broad  oil-tubes,  which  on  the  commissural 
face  are  not /i(?<p«  at  all,  but  broad  reservoirs.  The  fruit  characters  also 
resemble  those  of  PeHcefZf(H»«(,  but  the  thick  lateral  wings  easily  distin- 
guish it,  while  the  general  habit  is  very  different  from  that  of  our  Ameiican 
species  of  Peucedaniim.  In  the  thick  hiteral  wings  it  approaches  Lepto- 
tcniia,  but  the  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs,  as  well  as  the  broad 
and  solitary  oil-tubes,  separate  it  from  that  genus. 

1.  E.  Texana  Torr.  &  Gray,  I.  c.  From  J  to  'ly.  feet 
high:  leaflets  long,  narrowly  linear  to  oblong,  serrate  or  toothed: 
umbels  8  to  15-rayed;  rays  1  or  2  inches  long;  pedicels  very  short: 
fruit  two  lines  long.  (Fig.  ().) — E.  macrophylla  Buckl.  Proc. 
Acad.Philad.  1801,45-"). 

Texas  {Dnimmond,  Hall  2.")(i,  Reven-lton  in2!l).     Fl.  June. 

7.  ANGELICA  Linn.  Gen.  n.  847.— Stout  perennials,  with 
ternately  or  pinnately  compound  leaves,  scanty  involucre  or  none, 
involucels  of  small  brr.ctlcts  or  none,  and  large  terminal  umbels  of 
white  (greeenish-yellow  in  yl.  pifinata')  flowers. — Incl.  Arc/tan- 
oclica  Hoffm.,  excl.  A.    GnicHni  DC 

ArchangeUea  is  referred  to  this  genus  by  Maximowicz,  IJull.  Acad. 
Petersb.  xix.  273.  The  characters  used  to  separate  Angelicu  from 
A/T/in/((/«'/jca  are  its  solitary  oil-tubes  and  adherence  of  the  seed  to  the 
pericarp,  and  these  are  found  to  be  unieliable  (for  details  as  to  eastern 
species  see  Botanical  Gazette,  xli.  60),  especially  among  western  spo.'ies, 
nearly  half  of  which  have  two  oil-tubes  in  the  Intervals. 


86 

*      Oi/-f/(bcs  soliiarv  in  all  tJic  intervals :  \ccstcrii  species. 

1.  A.  pinnata  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  J'2().  Glabrous: 
stem  2  to  3  feet  iiigh:  leaves  simply  pinnate,  with  2  to  4  pairs  of 
ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate  sharply  serrate  to  entire  leaflets  (low- 
est pair  sometimes  pinnate):  umbels  10  to  20-raved,  with  neither 
involucre  r.or  involucels;  rays  2  to  4  inches  long;  pedicels  2  lines 
long;  flowers  greenish-yellow  or  dull  purple:  stylopodium  slightly 
conical:  fruit  oblong,  glabrous  (at  maturity),  2  to  3  lines  long; 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  thick  and  prominent;  laterals  with 
wings  hardly  as  broad  as  body :  oil-tubes  4  on  the  commissural  side: 
seed-face  somewhat  concave.     (Fig.  7.) 

In  the  Wahsatch  and  Uinta  Mountains,  7-10,000  feet  altitude,  and  Yel- 
low stone  Park  (Tweedy  3).     Fl.  July  and  August. 

A  doubtful  ylnfifeZjcft,  its  pinnate  leaves,  thick  dorsal  ribs,  and  greenish- 
yellow  or  dull-purple  floweis,  ail  contradicting  the  usual  characters  of 
the  genus. 

2.  A.  genuflexa  Nutt.  Torr  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  (320.  Glabrous, 
except  the  more  or  less  rough  pubescent  inflorescence,  2  to  4  feet 
high:  leaves  once  to  tv/ice  ternate,  the  divisions  often  deflexed; 
leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  more  or  less  acuminate,  irregularly  and 
sharply  serrate:  umbel  equally  many-rayed,  with  no  involucre,  and 
involucels  of  numerous  linear  bractlets;  rays  an  inch  or  more  long; 
fruiting  pedicels  4  to  6  lines  long:  fruit  nearly  round,  emarginate 
at  base  and  apex,  glabrous;  lateral  wings  broader  than  body:  oil- 
tubes  2  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  plane  (Fig.  8.)  — 
Archangelica  pcregri)ia  Nutt. 

In  wet  places,  Oregon,  Washington  Territoiy,  and  Vancouver  Island 
(Macotin).  Fl.  July  and  August. 

Upon  consulting  Nuttall's  type  specimens  of.  this  species,  and  of  his 
Archangeliru  perer/nna,  the  latter  being  in  especially  good  condition  in 
the  Torrey  Herbarium,  it  becomes  very  evident  thatt  hey  are  the  same  and 
that  A.  peref/rina  is  not  a  synonym  of  Cfrlopleuriun  Cmelini,  as  has  been 
supposed.  They  are  both  from  his  "Wappatoo  Island"  station.  This  is 
also  Tweedij  280  from  the  Cascade  Mts.,  Wash.  Terr.,  distributed  as  a  prob- 
able form  of  A.  toinentosa,  and  mixed  with  fruit  of  A.  (ir(nit((- 

8.  A.  Lyallii  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  874.  Gla- 
brous throughout,  stout,  4  or  5  feet  high:  leaves  once  or  twice 
ternate  then  quinate,  the  uppermost  reduced  to  large  inflated 
petioles;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish,  unequally 
dentate:   umbel    (sometimes     pubcrulent)     unequally    many-rayed, 


87 

with  ncillicr  imoliKTc-  nor  iiu  oIikcIs;  i;iys  i_.  to  4  imlK's  lon<i^; 
fniitiiijif  pedicels  thick,  a  line  or  less  long  (rarely  2  or  8  lines):  fruit 
ohlong  to  oliovate,  glabrous,  2  to  H  lines  long;  dorsal  and  inter- 
niediate  ribs  as  in  the  last,  but  e\en  less  prominent ;  lateral  wings 
as  broad  as  boilv  or  broader:  oil-lube^  'i  on  the  comn'.issural  side 
(distant):  seed-face  broadly  eoi;cave.      (I'^ig.  '.>•  ) 

In  the  niouulaiiis  iieur  the  Briti.sli  bouiuiaiy,  Wubiuiigtui:  Territory 
{Ljiall,  SuksdorfHil,  HvntJerHon  :<8:5.  Brnndvgec  7!)(ii,  Idaho  ( Ltihtru). 
ami  Montana  (  l^((^s((H  l.')7,  f'aiilni  HO,  Scribner  <i'>);  also  sunnnit  of  K. 
Kootenai  Pass,  15.  C.  ( l)inr.-<,nn,  and  Oregon  (Xrrins) 

4.  A.  tomentOSa  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  111.  Stout, 
hoary-tomcntose  throughout  with  rather  line  tomentum,  oi'  the 
stem  glabrous:  leaves  cpiinate  then  once  or  twice  pinnate;  leaflets 
thickish,  ovate,  acute,  oblique  at  base,  2  to  4  inches  long,  unequally 
and  sharply  serrate  or  tot)t!ie(l:  umbel  somewhat  equally  many- 
rayed,  with  neither  involucre  nor  in\ olucels:  rays  1  to  4  inches  long  ; 
pedicels  4  to  (>  lines  long:  fruit  oblong-elliptical,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  H  to  4  lines  long,  2  to  2^4  lines  broad;  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  small  and  acutish ;  lateral  wings  thin,  about  as  broatl 
as  body:  oil-tubes  2  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  somewhat  sili- 
cate beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with  plane  face. 

In  the  Coast  Kanges.  from  Mendocino  county,  CaliforniiJ,  to  thf  San 
Bfinaniino  Mts.  (  I'orish  !ISS).     Fi.  Angnst. 

T).  A.  arguta  Xutt.  Torr  cS:  (Jray,  Fl.  i.  ()2().  Glabrous, 
except  tiie  sometimes  minulelv  {niberulent  intlore^^cence,  stout,  2  to 
4  feet  high:  leaves  tern.atc  then  pinnate  or  bipinnate;  leaflets  mostly 
small,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  rather  acute,  serrate:  umbel  rather 
cquallv  manv-raved,  with  neither  iuNolucre  nor  involucels;  ravs 
1  to  8  inches  long;  pedicels  8  to  -")  lines  long:  fruit  oblong- 
elliptical,  glabrous,  8  to  4  lines  long;  dorsal  and  intermed- 
iate ribs  thick  and  slightly  elevated;  lateral  wings  verycoi'ky, 
thick,  and  r>s  broad  as  the  much  flattened  body  or  broader:  oil- 
tubes  2  on  the  commissural  side  (distant,  or  sometimes  4  in  2  dis- 
tant pairs):  seed  sulcate  bi.-nealb  the  oil-tubes,  wilii  plane  face. 
(Fig.  10.) 

Oregon  and  Washington  Teriitory. 

This  plant  was  reported  by  Nuttaii  from  "Fort  Vancouver,  Oregon," 
and  then  lost  siglil  of,  being  confused  with  A.  (/entiflrxa.  An  examination 
of  tiie  type  tin  good  fruit  in   the  Torrey    Herl  ariuni)    abundantly  condnns 


38 

our  conclusions  given  in  Botanical  Gazette,  xiii.  S(i,  and  we  fin:l  the  plant 
to  have  been  discovered  by  Hoircll  in  1882  and  Suksdorf  in  18h;{  at  the 
base  of  Mt.  Adams,  Washington  Territory;  also  by  Henderfion  (382)  in  1884 
along  Hood  River,  Oregon,  where  it  was  also  collected  by  Hoivell  in  188G. 
In  all  these  collections  the  plant  was  distributed  as  A.  genuflexa.  A  fruit- 
ing head  of  this  species,  collected  by  Twecdij  in  the  Cascade  Mts.,  Wash. 
Torr,,  is  mixed  with  the  distribution  of  his  A.  qennfit.vd,  280. 

(3.  A.  Hendersoni  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xiii.  80.  Very 
stout,  densely  tomeutose  throughout,  especially  the  inflorescence 
and  whitened  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves:  leaves  quinate  then 
pinnate;  leaflets  thick,  broadly  ovate,  3  to  4  inches  long,  2  to  8 
inches  broad,  obtuse,  serrate:  umbel  equally  many-rayed,  with  no 
involucre,  and  involucels  of  numerous  linear-acuminate  bractlets; 
rays  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  a  line  or  less  long:  fruit  oblong, 
more  or  less  pubescent,  8  lines  long;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
prominent;  lateral  wings  thick  and  corky,  as  broad  as  body:  oil- 
tubes  2  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  deeply  sulcate  beneath  the 
oil  tubes,  with  plane  face. 

Bluffs  moistened  by  sea  spray,  Ilwaco  (Long  Beach),  Washington  Ter- 
ritory, August  "i,  1885  (Henderson  2158).  Probably  near  San  Francisco 
(Kellogg  in  186(5),  but  only  in  flower. 

7,  A.  Dawsoni  Watson,  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  xx.  809.  Gla- 
brous or  nearly  so,  rather  slender,  1  to  8  feet  high,  with  simple 
stem:  radical  leaves  biternate;  leaflets  lanceolate,  1  to  2  inches 
long,  sharply  and  finely  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  terminal  one 
sometimes  deeply  8-cleft;  cauline  leaves  (1  or  2  or  none)  similar: 
umbel  solitary,  conspicuously  involucrate  with  numerous  foli- 
aceous  lacerately  toothed  bracts  nearly  equalling  the  rays,  invo- 
lucels similar;  rays  about  an  inch  long  or  less:  fruit  glabrous,  2^ 
lines  long. 

In  the  Rocky  Mts.  near  the  British  boundary,  at  0,500  feet  altitude 
(Lyall,  in  18()1);  and  on  the  slopes  of  N.  Kootenai  Pass  {Dawson  2155,  in 
1883).     Fl.  July. 

This  species  has  not  been  collected  with  mature  fruit,  but  in  the  t/pe 
specimens  the  immature  fruit  indicates  that  the  dorsal,  and  intermediate 
ribs  may  become  more  or  less  winged.  In  this  case,  the  species,  with  dor- 
sal wings  and  large  involucels,  is  more  like  Selinum  than  Angelica,  in 
which  genus  the  discovery  of  mature  fruit  may  place  it. 

*  *  Oil-tubes  in  pairs  in  so/nc  of  the  intervals:  zvestern 
species  (excepting  A.  Ctirtisii), 


89 

8.  A.  Breweri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  3-1:8.  Glabrous  or 
somewhat  puberulent  (especially  in  the  inflorescence),  3  to  4  feet 
high:  leaves  ternate  or  quinate  then  pinnate;  leaflets  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  2  to  5  inches  long,  sharply  serrate 
with  cuspidate  teeth;  the  lower  sometimes  lobed  at  base:  peduncles 
often  with  dilated  bracts:  umbel  many-ra}cd,  with  neither  invo- 
lucre nor  involucels  (or  with  a  few  deciduous  bractlets);  rays  2 
to  3  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long:  stylopodiuin  conical, 
with  long  style:  fruit  oblong,  pubescent  or  becoming  glabrous, 
4  to  0  lines  long,  and  2  to  3  lines  broad;  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs  more  or  less  prominent;  lateral  wings  narrow  and  as  thick  as 
the  flattened  body:  oil-tubes  1  or  2  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the 
commissural  side:  seed  deeply  sulcatc  bcicath  the  oil-tubes;  the 
face  more  or  less  concave,  with  sometimes  a  central  longitudinal 
ridge.     (Fig.  11.) 

California,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  Plumas  county  (J/r«.  R.  M.  Auh- 
lin),  and  Nevada  county  (Jone-n  2r)84),  to  the  Upper  Stanislaus  {Hooker  A- 
C?m!/,  in  1877),  and  Ebbetfs  Pass  and  the  Big  Tree  road  (i?o/«;i(/e»-.  Tor- 
rey,  Brewer);  also  N.  W.  Nevada  ( ir«/.so;n. 

It.  A.  leporina  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  2r)2.  Tall 
and  stout,  glabrous:  leaves  bipinnatc;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate  to 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed  to  entire,  1  to  3  inches 
long:  umbel  very  unequally  10  to  25-rayed,  with  neither  invo- 
lucre nor  involucels  (or  w'ith  a  few  deciduous  bractlets);  rays  some- 
what scabrous,  i^  to  3  inches  long;  pedicels  thick,  2  to  3  lines  long: 
fruit  glabrous,  about  li/^  lines  long;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs 
prominent;  lateral  wings  narrower  than  body:  oil-tubes  solitary  in 
the  intervals,  or  the  lateral  in  pairs,  2  or  4  on  the  commissural 
side:  seed-face  plane.  (Pig-  12.) 
S.  Utah  (Ward,  Palmer  is:',). 

10.  A.  lineariloba  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  347.  Stout, 
glabrous,  2  to  3  feet  high:  leaves  twice  or  thrice  quinate;  leaflets 
linear,  1  to  2  inches  long,  cusnidately  acuminate,  entire  or  the 
lower  ones  3-parted  with  thedecurrent  somestimes  coarsely  toothed 
lobes  divaricate:  umbels  with  neither  involucre  noi-  involucels; 
rays  1  to  2  inches  long:  fruit  oval-oblong,  glabrous,  4  lines  long, 
2  lines  broad;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform;  lateral  wings 
thickish,  a  little  narrower  than  the  body:  oil-tubes    solitary  in  the 


40 

dorsal  intervals,  in  pairs  in    the    laterals:    seed    sulcate  beneath  the 
oil-tubes,  face  nearly  plane. 

California,  Mono  Pass  (Bolander},  and   in  tlie  S.  Sierra  Nevada  (Rotli- 

COC/iM. 

11.  A.  Wheeled  Watson,  Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  801.  Tall 
and  stout,  rou^-lily  pubt.-scent:  leaves  biternate;  leaHets  ovate- 
oblong,  2  to  8  inches  long,  acute,  incisely  serrate,  the  teeth  broad 
and  mucronulate,  mitldle  leaflet  petiolulate:  umbel  unecjually  many- 
rayed,  with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels;  ra3's  becoming-  2  to 
5  inches  long;  pedicels  hispid:  fruit  broad-ellipitical,  8  lines  long, 
somewhat  pubescent;  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  thick,  nar- 
rower than  the  lateral  ones:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  dorsal  intervals, 
in  pairs  ir.  the  laterals,  4  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face 
deeply  conca\e  (more  so  than  usual  in  Angelica).     (Fig.  13.) 

Utah  (  ^Yheel('r). 

12.  A.  Canbyi.  Glabrous  throughout  except  the  puberu- 
lent  inflorescence,  2  to  8  feet  high:  leaves  bipinnate;  leaflets  lan- 
ceolate to  ovate-lanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate, 
laciniately  toothed:  u:'nbel  rather  equally  10  to  20-rayed,  with 
neither  involucre  nor  involucels;  ravs  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels 
slender,  8  to  4  lines  long;  flowers  pinkis'i:  stylopodium  conical: 
fruit  oblong,  glabrous  at  maturity  (pubescent  when  young),  2^^ 
lines  long;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  thin  and  very  prominent, 
somewhat  winged;  lateral  v/ings  rather  thin,  half  as  broad  as  body: 
oil-tubes  solitary  in  dorsal  intervals,  in  pairs  in  the  laterals,  4  on 
the  commissursal  side:  seed-face  plane.     (Fig.  14.) 

Washington  Territorj',  August,  188::5  {Brandcgee  TiHii  in  Canby's  N. 
Transcontinental  Survey,),  low  grassy  grounds  along  streams,  Klickitat 
Elver,  near  Mt.  Adams,  Juno  2(J,  1885,  in  flower,  August  in  fruit  iSukHclorf 
G38  and  763);  Oregon,  Waldo  (Howell  70(1). 

Mr.  Suksdorf  writes  that  this  species  is  a  much  earlier  bloomer  than 
A.  [lenuflexa  or  A    Li/nUii. 

13.  A.  Curtisii  Buckley,  Am,  jour.  Sci.  I.  \\v.  178.  Gla- 
brous, 2  to  8  feet  high:  leaves  twice  ternate  or  the  divisions  pin- 
nate, the  uppermost  mo.-tly  reduced  to  large  inflated  petioles; 
leaflets  thin,  ovate-lanceolate  ( 1  to  8  inches  broad),  sharply  and 
irregularly  toothed :  umbel  (somewhat  pubescent)  equall}'  15  to 
25-rayed,  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  subulate  bractlets; 
rays  2  to  8  inches  long;  pedicels  4    to    0    lines   long:    fruit  broadly 


41 

ohloiijiC,  "i^labrous,  2  to  4  \\nc<-  Ioiil;".  cniaiLjiiiatf  at  liasc;  dor- 
sal ar.d  iiUcnncdiatc  ribs  acute  and  ])roiuii-.eiit,  often  sonicwdiat 
winged ;  lateral  wiiij^s  thin,  broader  than  body:  oil-tnbes  mostly 
solitary  in  the  intervals  (sometimes  :i  or  ;^  ),  'i  to  (j  on  the  commis- 
sural side:  seed-face  plane.      (  I'^ij^.  l-").  ) 

Along  tlio  Alloglmiiit's,  I'l-oni  I'eiMisylvaniii  to  Nortli  Ciiroliiia.       Fl   Au- 

gUHt. 

*  *  *  Otl-t/ihcs  tJircc  to  many  in  tlic  Intervals:  eastern 
species. 

14.  A.  hirsuta  Muhl.  Cat.  'I  ed.  :}(l.  Tomentose  above,  2 
to  f")  feet  high:  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  or  ternately  ilividetl 
(the  uppermost  mostly  reduced  to  large  inflated  petioles);  leaflets 
thickish,  lanceolate  to  oblong  ( half  to  about  an  inch  broad),  ser- 
rate: umbel  equally  m;  iiy-rayed,  with  nt)  involucre,  and  involucels 
of  linear  l)ractlets;  rays  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  2  lines  long: 
fruit  nearly  round,  pubescent,  2  lines  in  diameter;  dorsal  and  intei- 
mediate  ribs  prominent;  lateral  wings  thin,  as  broad  as  body:  oil- 
tubes  8  to  0  in  the  intervals  (sometimes  1  or  2),  0  to  10  on  the 
commissural  side:  seed-face  plane.  (Fig,  l(j.  )  Are/ianoeUca 
Jiirsuta  Torr.  &  Gray,  i.  <)22. 

Dry  giound,  Canada  to  Florida,  and  westward   to    Miinu'sota  and  'l\n- 
uossee. 

IT).  A.  dentata  C.  A:  K.  Hut.  (Ja/ette,  \ii.  »*)].  Slender, 
glabrous,  1  to  8  feet  high:  leaves  tei'iiate,  \vith  long  slender  petioles 
and  few  leaflets,  which  are  small  (  i_;  to  1  inch  long),  lanceolate, 
coarsely  toothed  or  lobed:  umbel  (slightly  pubescent  )  ecjually  5 
to  10-rayed,  with  no  inxolucie,  ;nid  involucels  of  subulate  bractlets; 
rays  about  an  inch  long;  ix'dicels  :{  lu  4  lines  long:  fiiiil  broadly 
oblong,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  lij  to  2'j  lines  long;  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs  more  or  less  prominent;  lateral  wings  thin,  as 
broad  as  body:  oil-tubes  about  20  and  continuous,  S  of  them  on 
the  commissural  side:  seed-face  plane,  (Fig.  17.)-  Archangelica 
dentata  Chapman,  Torr.  A:  (irav,  Fl.  i.  ()22. 

Diy  pine  barrens,  Florida.     Fl.  July  to  Xovfinltt-r. 

1»).  A.  atropurpurea  L.  Spec.  251.  \ery  s'.out,  smooth, 
with  dark  purple  stem,  4  to  ♦>  feet  high:  leaves  ternate  then  pin- 
nate; leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate  (1  to  :'  illche^  long),  sharply  cut 
mucronatc-serrate:  umbel    (glabrous)   etjually   1  o  to  2o-ra\ed,  with 


42 

no  imolucre,  and  involuccls  of  few  short  subulate  bractlets;  rays  1 
to  8  inches  long;  pedicels  5  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  glabrous, 
8  lines  long;  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  very  prominent,  lateral 
wings  thin,  about  half  as  broad  as  body:  oil-tubes  25  to  30  and 
continuous,  8  to  10  of  them  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face 
plane.  (Fig-  l^'^-) — ArchaugcUca  atropurfnrca  Hoffm.  Um- 
bel. IBl. 

Low  river  banks,  from  Labrador  to  Dolawaro,  and  westward  to  Illinois 
and  Minnesota.     Fl.  June. 

A.  LirciDA  L.  is  referred  to  Canada  by  Cornuti,  upon  whose 
authority  alone  it  stands  as  a  North  American  species.  It  has  long 
been  cultivated  in  Europe,  but  its  existence  as  a  member  of  our 
flora  is  so  very  improbable  that  we  do  not  include  it.  See  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  621. 

A.  VERTiciLLATA  Hook.  is  a  Very  uncertain  species,  and 
judging  from  the  description  given  (which  is  the  only  information 
accessible)  Mr,  Watson  thinks  it  probably  belongs  to  some  other 
genus.     See  Watson  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  374. 

8.  SELINUM  Linn.  Gen.  n.  337. — Tall  stout  branching  per- 
ennials, with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  few-leaved  involucre, 
involucels  of  numerous  narrow  or  broad  bractlets,  and  white 
flowers. 

This  genus  is  considered  liard  to  distinguish  from  Ligusticuin,  ^^^ 
with  our  own  species  there  is  no  such  trouble.  LiV/»s'<"cmwi  is  character- 
ized by  its  fruit  having  equal  ribs,  numerous  small  oil-tubes,  and  prominent 
conical  stylopodium,  as  well  as  by  its  leaves  being  always  ternate  in  their 
primary  divisions.  Seliniim,  on  the  other  hand,  has  fruit  more  winged,  the 
lateral  wings  being  the  broadest,  prominent  solitary  oil-tubes,  usually  de- 
pressed stylopodium.  and  mostly  pinnately  compound  leaves.  The  genus 
seems  more  nearly  allied  to  Angelica,  through';such  a  species  as  SeUnuin 
Hookeri.  The  important  distinctions  are  that  the  dorsal  and  lateral 
ribs  of  Selitmm  are  decidedly  and  equally  winged,  sometimes  nearly  as 
much  so  as  the  laterals;  while  the  dorsal  ribs  of  Angelica  are  not  at  all 
winged,  except  such  irregular  winging  as  occurs  in  A-  Curtisii-  The 
leaves  of  Selinum  are,  as  a  rule,  pinnate;  while  those  of  Angelica  (with  the 
single  exception  of  A-  pinnata,  which  can  hardly  be  considered  a  typical 
Angelica)  are  ternate,  at  least  in  their  primary  divisions.  In  Angelica  the 
bractlets,  if  any,  are  small  and  very  narrow;  while  in  Selinum  they  are 
frequently  prominent  and  sometimes  broad.  Selimim  usually  has,  also,  a 
less  flattened  carpel,  and  always  strictly  solitary  oil- tubes. 


43 

1.  S.  capitellatum  Hcnili.   c*^   lloi.k.   (icn.    Plant,  i.  ui:.. 

Very  stout,  1  to  5  feet  Iiigli,  siiKjoth  except  the  toniciitose  in- 
florescence: leaves  larg^c,  with  much  dilated  petioles,  hipiunatc,  the 
few  leaflets  oblony;  to  linear-lanceolate,  an  inch  oi'  two  loner, 
coarsely  laciniately  toothed  or  lobed:  umbel  equally  (')  to  lo-rayed, 
with  globose  umbellets  of  sessile  pubescent  flowers  having  invol- 
ucels  of  a  few  deciduous  bractlcts;  rays  1  or  2  inches  long:  fruit 
sessile  on  a  dilated  receptacle,  hirsute,  cuneate-obovate,  3  lines 
long;  lateral  wings  broader  than  dorsal  and  intern"'ediatcs.  (Fig. 
19.) — Sph(vnosciadiuni  capitcllatinii  (iray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vi.  r)3(). 

Along  stream  banks  in  the  Siorra  Nevada  ot  California,  Nevada,  and 
S.E.Oregon.  California  (r/e>«»io?i),  St.  Jacinto  Mts.  (P«»-('.**/(  flSfJi,  Yose- 
mite  (C.  S.  Sargmf),  Ebbett'sPass  {Brewer),  Upper  Carson  Valley  {Hooker 
tO  Groi/),  Butte  county  {Mn^.  Bi(Ucel'),  Donner  Pass  (Torrey),  Donner 
Lake  (Sonne  122),  Nevada  county  {Jones  25S2),  Plumas  county  (.V/-.s. 
AuHtin,  Mrs.  Ames,  Clerelaml);  Nevada,  near  Caison  City  {Dr.  Anderson); 
E-  Oregon  {Henderson).  Eagle  Mts.  {Cusick  1.3!l2). 

2.  S.  Kingii  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  12().  Smooth  (except 
the  slightly  pubescent  inflorescence),  1  to  2  feet  high:  lower  leaves 
bipinnate,  the  upper  nearly  simply  pinnate,  with  dilated  petioles; 
leaflets  ovate  or  linear-lanceolate,  1  to  8  inches  long,  coarsely  and 
imequally  serrate;  umbel  5  to  10-rayed,  with  no  involucels;  pedi- 
cels 2  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  broadly  ovate,  hispid,  2  to  8  lines  long; 
lateral  wings  broader  than  the  narrow  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ones. 

An   aquatic,    first  collected  in   the   mountains   of  N.  Nevada,  G,00()  feet 

altitude  {W<itson  4')6);  since  collected  in  S-  Utah  or  N.  Arizona  (Palmer  is:5): 

California,  Saw  Mill  Canon,  Monitor  Eange,  O.ono  feet  altitude  (Philh'ps  cf- 

Sargent,  in  187)^);  Washington  Territory,  Mt.  Adams  (Henderson,  in  ISS.S). 

The  species  simulates  Angelica  Brewer i  in  general  appearance. 

8.  S.  Pacificum  VV^atson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  J 40.  Leaves 
ternate  then  pinnate;  the  ovate  acutish  segments  an  inch  long, 
laciniately  toothed  and  lobed:  umbel  (on  stout  peduncle)  about  15- 
rayed,  with  a  conspicuous  involucre  of  2  or  8  lobed  and  toothed 
leaflets  an  inch  long  and  equalling  the  rays,  and  involucels  ot 
several  narrowly  linear  entire  or  3-toothed  bractlets  equalling  the 
flowers;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  smooth,  3  or  4 
lines  long,  \%  lines  broad,  with  rather  narrow  thin  wings:  rarely 
an  additional  small  oil-tube  in  a  lateral  interval. 


44 

Tlu>  only  repoiltHl  btation  is  Saucelito  Hills,  lu-ar  San  Francit.co,  Cali- 
fornia ^l\p1lof/fi  ((•  HiirfonI). 

4.  S.  Dawsoni  C.  <S:  R.  15i)t.  Gazette,  xiii.  144.  A  foot  or 
so  high,  ghibrous:  leaves  teniate  then  pinnate,  the  small  (  ^  to  i^ 
inch  long)  ovate  acute  segnients  laciniatelv  toothed  to  entire:  um- 
bel with  involucels  of  linear-ohlong  scarious  bractlets  longer  than 
the  pedicels  and  abruptU'  ending  in  a  long  attenuation;  pedicels  1 
to  2  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  smooth,  about  2  lines  long,  with 
prominent  wings,  the  lateral  ones  but  little  broader;  rarely  an  ad- 
ditional small  oil-tube  in  a  lateral  interval:  seed  hardly  at  all  dor- 
sally  sulcate.     (Fig.  20.) 

Pelly  Eiver.  at  Pelly  Banks,  Yukon,  Jat.  (ilo,  August  H,  Lssy  [l)a,r. 
son  23). 

This  interesting  species  is  ()uite  distinct  from  all  other  species  of 
.SV?m?<7H  in  its  leaf  and  involueel  cluu-actere.  as  well  aG  in  the  prominent 
thin  wings  of  the  fruit. 

'■).  S.  Grayi  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xiii.  144.  Stout,  some- 
times very  much  so,  1  or  2  feet  high,  glabrous  except  the  more  or 
less  scabrous  inflorescence,  leaf-margins  and  veinlets  (beneath): 
leaves  once  or  twice  pinnate,  with  much  dilated  petioles;  leaflets 
oblong  to  ovate,  about  an  inch  long,  acute,  toothed  (sometimes 
laciniately  toothed  or  lobed) :  umbel  with  involucels  of  conspicu- 
ous lanceolate-ovate  long-acuminate  bractlets;  rays  1  to  2  inches 
long;  pedicels  I  to  2  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  smooth,  2  to  2^4  lines 
long,  with  prominent  thin  wings;  the  laterals  decidedly  broadest: 
seed-face  dorsally  sulcate.  (Fig.  21.) — Arc/ia?ige/ica  Gfficlini  oi 
Fl.  Colorado  and  Coulter's  Rocky  Mt.  Manual. 

High  mountains  of  Colorado  iParr>i  1,')4.  Vaaen  in  18()S,  Canbn  in  1871. 
('otiltfr,  W(>11\{-  Rothnicl;  in  ]s7:i.  J.rllmiuiii  in  1.^84,  Treleasr  in  188(1, 
etc.) 

This  plant  has  always  been  distributed  as  ArchongeUru  (rmelini,  hav- 
ing been  wrongly  referred  to  that  species.  So  far  as  we  have  seen,  most  of 
the  Archangclicd  GmeJini  reported  from  Colorado  is  this  species.  Its 
general  habit  resembles  that  of  an  Angelica  somewhat,  but  its  fruit  char- 
acters are  very  different  and  are  entirely  those  of  Sfli}nnii. 

H.  S.  Benthami  Watson,  Bibl.  Index  Polypet.  432.  Gla- 
brous throughout:  leaves  ternate  then  pinnate,  the  oblong  to  linear- 
oblong  acute  segments  14  to  34^  inch  long,  laciniately  toothed  or 
lobed  to  entire:  umbels  on  stout  peduncles,  10  to  ir)-raycd,  with  an 
involucre  of  a  few  linear  setaceous  bracts,  and  imolucels  of  sevei-al 


45 

cloii_i;atc(l  liiK;ii"  (.'ntirc  l)r;ictk-ls  c(Hialliii<4'  the  lloweis  or  1()ii<^ct; 
rays  about  one  inch  long;  pedicels  "i  to  :{  lines  loni;-:  fruit  Dvatc, 
2  lines  long,  often  with  a  single  proniineul  cal\  \-tooth :  oil-tubes 
(in  immature  fruit)  obscure:  seed  apparently    !iot    dorsalK   sulcate. 

—  Conloscliiiiini  F'isc/icri  oi  authors,  in  part. 

Alaska  loarly  explorers,  Hollirork);  Unalaska  and  Shuiuagis  {Hurriim- 
/(>»i  in  1S71-72);  Behrins  Islands  {Sh'Jneacr  in  ias2);  Queen  Charlotte's 
Islands,  B.  C  ,  July  15,  1K78  iJhiWHon);  also  "Arctic  shores  and  mountain 
slopes,  wet  borders  of  .streams,  Mitchell  Creek,  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky 
Mts.,"  July  11,  1H8S  {Dait'snii):  said  to  have  been  collected  in  Labrador  by 
^f<)n■islln  (Macouu's  cataloguto. 

7.  S.  Hookeri  Watson  in  herb.  Stout,  2  to  8  feet  high, 
glabrous  except  the  somewhat  puberulent  inflorescence:  leaves 
large,  with  much  dilated  petioles,  bipinnatidd,  the  narrowly  ovate 
to  linear-oblong  acute  segments  an  inch  or  less  long,  laciniatcly 
toothed  or  lobed  to  entire:  um])el  10  to  25-rayed,  with  involucre 
of  few  deciduous  linear-setaceous  bracts,  and  involucels  of  nar- 
rowly linear  niorc  or  less  elongated  bractlets;  rays  about  an  inch 
long;  pedicels  2  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  2  to  2^4 
lines  long,  w  itli  prominent  but  scaiceK-  winged  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs,  and  rather  broadly  winged  thickish  lateral  ribs;  no 
strengthening  ceils:  seed  but  slightly  dorsally  sulcate.      (Fig.  22.) 

—  Conioselinum  FiscJicri  of  authors,  in  part. 

Alaska  {KeUogg  in  ISfJT);  Puget  Sound  [Burhleij):  Ocean  Bluffs,  Long 
Beach,  Ilwaco,  Washington  Territory.  July  and  August,  1SS5  and  188(i 
i  Hendcrfion  2\VA))\  (>i-egon  (P.  V.  LeRoy's  distribution '  as  ConioHclitium 
/•"ixchpri). 

Probably  this  is  the  form  commonly  distributed  as  Coniofoliinim 
Fixchfrt.     It  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  ('.  Cdiuulenxt . 

S).  COMOSELIXUM  Fisch.  in  Iloffm.  Umbel.  185.— Tall 
glabrous  perennial,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  few-leaved 
involucre  or  none,  involucels  of  elongated  linear-setaceous  bractlets, 
and  white  flowers. 

The  foreign  species  of  ('oiiidsrliiniin  have  been  merged  with  Liuiiftticiiin 
and  our  own  species  put  into  Scliiiiiin  by  Bentham  it  Hooker.  Their 
decision  in  referen(.o  to  our  species  was  based  upon  immature  fruit,  while 
study  of  a  (|uantity  of  fine  fruiting  material  has  led  us  to  restore  it  to  generic 
rank. 5  It  differs  so  decidedly  from  our  definition  of  LignHiirum  that  it 
is  only  necessary  to  call  attention  to  the  characters  which  separate  it  tiom 


46 

Seliiiiiiii.  with  whicli  gcmis  it  in  verv  (.-losoly  allied.  The  chief  differences 
are  the  more  decidedly  dorsally  flattened  fruit,  lets  prominent  (not  winged) 
dorsal  and  intermediate  i-ibs,  laterals  broadly  winged,  and  thick  conical 
stylopodium,  numerous  small  oil  tubes,  and  concave  seed-face  of  Coniose- 
lintim.  Our  species  is  related  to  Scliuidti  through  S.  Hookrri,  which 
it  vei-y  closely  resembles. 

1.  C.  Canadense  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  Oil).  One  to  five 
feet  high,  ghxhrous  except  the  somewhat  puberulent  inflorescence: 
leaves  often  very  large,  with  inflated  petioles,  2  to  8-pinnate  (or 
the  primar}'  divisions  apparently  tevnate  in  the  larger  leaves),  the 
ovate  acute  segments  an  inch  or  more  long,  laciniatel}'  lobed :  um- 
bel 10  to  20-rayed;  rays  about  an  inch  long;  pedicels  3  to  4  lines 
long:  fruit  2  to  2^4  lines  long,  (Fig.  23.) — Selinum  Canadense 
Michx.  Fl.  i.  1()5. 

Swamps  and  cold  cliffs,  from  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  (Michuux) 
to  Vermont  and  Minnesota,  and  extending  southward  into  Illinois,  Indiana, 
and  Missouri;  also  along  the  highest  mountains  as  far  south  as  North 
Carolina.  FL  August  to  October.  The  stations  reported  from  the  United 
States  are  as  follows:  Y eimont  (Tnlly.  Pringle),  Massachusetts  (0«A-e.s), 
New  York  (KneAskern,  Hoysradt,  Dudley),  Pennsylvania  (Porter),  North 
Carolina  {Gray  d-  Carey),  Indiana  (Rose),  Illinois  (Vasey),  Missouri 
(Tracy,  Broadhead),  Iowa  (Arthttr),  Minnesota  (Garrison),  Wisconsin 
(Lap ham),  and  Michigan  (Wheeler  d-  Smith);  also  in  the  mountains  of 
Colorado,  where  it  is  confused  with  Ligusticum  ncopvlorum.  Apium 
bipinp.atum  Walter  has  also  been  very  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species, 
but  Walter's  plant  is  altogether  uncertain,  and  his  locality  is  a  presumptive 
evidence  against  such  reference. 

10.  TIEDEMANNIA  DC.  Mem.  Umbel  51.— Smooth 
erect  swamp  herbs,  with 'fascicled  tubers,  leaves  simply  pinnate  or 
ternate  or  reduced  to  petioles,  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none,  in- 
volucels  of  numerous  small  bractlets  or  none,  and  white  flowers. 
—  Incl.  Archcmora  DC. 

Bentham  »t  Hooker  have  included  both  Tiedemannia  ar\(S.  Archemora 
under  Peueedonum.  Their  habit  and  habitat  are  totally  different  from  our 
species  of  Pencedannm,  which  are  low  dry  ground  western  forms,  with 
much  dissected  leaves,  and  roots  never  fasciculate-tuberous.  The  fruit 
characters  are  no  less  distirtguishable,  that  of  T iedemanri ia  heingles^ 
flattened  than  in  Peucedanum,  with  a  thick  conical  stylopodium,  and 
alwaj's  appearing  to  have  5  filiform  dorsal  ribs  (owing  to  the  prominent 
inner  marginal  nerves  of  the  lateral  wings).  In  Peucedanum  when  the 
lateral  wings  are  nerved  it  is  always  on  the  commissural  sido  as  in  Lepio- 
tcenia.     These  characters,  which   servo  so   well   to    separate  Tiedemuunia 


47 

and  Archemora  Irom  T'riirrdiuunn,  iilbo   serve  to    mMigo  these  two  genera 
into  one  well-deflntHl  genus.^ 

1.  T.  teretifolia  DC.  I.e.  Stem  :t  to  (')  feci  high,  iistuhms: 
leaves  re(hicecl  to  cylindrical  hollow  pointed  petioles  (jointed  by 
transverse  partitions):  umbel  ()  to  12-rayed,  with  involucre  and  in- 
volucels  of  few  or  many  subulate  bracts:  rays  J^  to  Ij^  inches  long; 
pedicels '3  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  somewhat  oliovate,  'i  to  2]/^  lines 
long:  oil-tubes  large,  filling  the  inler\als,  )l  to  \  on  the  commis- 
sural side.     (Fig.  24.) — Pcuccdaimni  tcrctijoli/au  IJenth.  &  Hook. 

Ponds  and  swamps,  from  Delaware  (Vunh}i,   ('oiitiin)iiH)  to  Florida,  and 
westward  to  Louisiana.     FI  August  and  September. 

2.  T.  ternata  C  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.  74.  Stem  slender, 
2  to  8  feet  high :  leaves  few,  with  very  long  petioles,  ternately 
divided  into  more  or  less  elongated  linear  or  filiform  segments,  or 
sometimes  reduced  to  a  fiat-tippetl  j:)etiolc:  mnlicl  (>  to  D-rayed, 
wit:"!  involucre  of  tew  small  bracts,  and  in\olucels  of  several 
setaceous  bractlets;  rays  ]  to  ]  '.,  inches  long:  pedicels  H  to  ~)  lines 
long:  fruit  ovate  to  obovate,  2  lines  long:  oil-tubes  smaller,  4  on 
the  commissural  side.  (Fig-  25.) — Arclicniora  ternata  Xutt., 
Nettrophylhim  loiigifoUitin  Torr.  &  Gra}-. 

Pine  barren  swamps.  North  Carolina  to  Florida.  Fl.  November. 
8.  T.  rigida  C.  &  K.  I.e.  Stem  2  to  5  feet  high:  leaves 
pinnate,  3  to  U-ibliolate;  leaflets  from  ovate  or  lanceolate-oblong  to 
linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  remotel\-  toothed:  uml)el  15  to  25- 
rayed,  with  involucre  of  few  small  bracts,  and  involucels  of  severr.l 
setaceous  bractlets;  rays  1 14  to  4  inches  long;  pedicels  8  to  ',)  lines 
long:  fruit  oblong,  2 1^  to  8i^  lines  long:  oil-tubes  4  to  (*>  on  the 
commissural  side.      (Fig.  2(5.) — ArclicDiora  rigida  DC 

Swamps,  New  York  to  Minnesota,  and  south  to  the  Gulf. 

Very  variable  in  foliage  and  size  of  fruit,  so   mueh   so  that  DeCaiidoUe 
made  four  species  of  it.     An  extreme  form  is 

N'ar.  ambigua,  with  elongated  linear  entile  leaves,  fewer 
rays,  and  fruit  but  2  lines  long. —^4rr-//<7y^>/-(C  riiiida^  var.  anibii^iia 
Torr.  &  Gray. 

Apparently  more  restricted  than  the   type.    New  Jeisey  (Uray.  Cunby, 
Mariindale),  South  Carolina  {Ravenel).  Tennessee  (Gattinger). 

A  good  deal  of  material  labeled  as  this   variety  really  belongs  to  the 

6  Hotaniciil  G.nzetU-,  xii.  7.i. 


48 

type.  Intermediate  forms  are  numerous,  as  for  instance  certain  Delaware 
forms,  sent  by  Mr.  Cauby,  with  leaves  of  the  type  (the  narrow  forms i 
and  the  small  fruit  of  the  variety. 

i.  T.  Fendleri.  Stem  slender,  simple,  1  to  2  feet  high, 
from  ;i  large  fascicle  of  tuliers  (an  inch  long):  leaves  pinnate,  5  to 
U-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong  (or  lanceolate  in  upper  leaves), 
obtuse,]  to  2  inches  long,  incisely  serrate:  umbel  unequally  5  to 
12-rayecl,  with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels;  rays  y^  to  1 J^ 
inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  ovate,  scarcely  2  lines 
long,  with  rather  more  j-jromincnt  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs, 
and  narrower  lateral  wings,  than  in  the  other  species:  oil-tubes  2 
to  4  on  the  commissural  side.  (Fig.  27.) — Archemora  Fciidlcri 
Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  o6. 

Subalpine  swamps  and  stream  banks.  Colorado  {Hall  d-  Harbour  220. 
Parry  15.'),  Vasey  228,  Canby,  Brandegec,  Coulter,  Jones  38(),  Frcncli, 
Trelease,  etc.)  and  New  Mexico  (Fendler  272).     Fl.  July. 

11.  IIERACLEUM  Linn.  Gen.  n.  845.— Tall  stout  peren- 
nials, with  large  terr.ately  compound  leaves,  deciduous  involucres, 
involucels  of  numerous  bractlets,  large  man\-rayed  umbel  of  white 
flowers,  and  obcordate  petals  (the  outer  ones  often  dilated  and 
2-cleft). 

The  fjenus  is  very  ch)sely  allied  to  Fd.stinacd,  differing  chielly  in  the 
remarkable  petals  and  thick  conical  stylopodium. 

I.  H.  lanatum  Miclix.  Fl.  i.  16().  A^ery  stout,  4  to  8  feet 
high,  pubescent  or  woolly  above:  petioles  much  dilated;  leaflets 
petiolulate,  round-cordate,  4  to  10  inches  broad,  irregularly  cut- 
toothed:  rays  2  to  6  inches  long:  fruit  4  to  ()  lines  long,  somewhat 
pubescent.     (Fig.  28.) 

Wet  ground,  throughout  Canada  and  as  far  south  as  North  Carolina  and 
Kentucky,  extending  westward  to  New  Mexico  and  the  Pacific  coast. 
Fl.  June. 

The  var.  re»niinit  Torr  A  Gray,  Fl.  i.  ()32,  is  untenable.  If  it  deserved 
varietal  rank  it  would  have  to  be  made  the  type,  as  it  was  the  woolly  form 
that  was  described  by  Michaux  as  H.   hnialinn. 

II.  Sl'().^•^^•I.l^.^I  L.  bus  been  found  on  ballast  near  N.  \  . 
City  by  Mr.  Addison  Hrown. 

12.  PASTINACA  Linn.  Gen.  n.  862.— Tall  stout  biennial, 
with  pinnntely  compound  leaves,  mostly  no  involucre,  and  yellow 
flowers. 


40 

Bciitlmni  .1-  ll<).)l<(<r  iii(lu<l<'  fiiMlinnm  iin.lrr  I'rnrrihnnin,  iiltliougli  (l,o 
I'liiit  cluimctcrs  are  fiuiLo  distinct  and  almost  identical  witli  tliohso  of //rr- 
(iclritin.  In  comparison  with  I'cncitliinitin,  the  fruit  of  I'uHtiniivn  is  miicli 
more  dorsaily  flattened,  the  lateral  wings  are  nerved  towards  the  outer 
margin,  and  a  remarkable  lay(!r  ol  strengthening  cells  invests  the  seed- 
cavity  (instead  of  occurring  in  small  isolated  groups  beneath  eacli  rib);  all 
of  which  characters  it  shares  with  Hmu-leum.  The  length  of  the  oil- 
tubes,  a  character  stimetimes  used,  is  (juite  variable.  \\\  I'linliiiucit  Yh'iw^ 
sometimes  as  long  as  the  fruil  and  sometimes  shorter. 

P.  SA  ii\  A  L.,  the  common  piiisnip,  is  iiiliochiccil  almcjst 
cvciAwiicre.  The  leallcts  arc  ()\  ate  to  ohloiii;-,  and  ciit-toolhcd. 
(Fig.  21).)      Fl.  July  to  September. 

1:5.  POLYT.FMA  DC.  Mem.  Uml)cl.  :^^.  -Feremiial 
mostly  i^lalirous  herbs,  with  twice  pinnate  lca\es,  no  iinohicre,  in- 
vohiccls  of  narrow  bractlcts,  and  brii^lit  vellow  Howcrs. 

1.  P.  Nuttallii  DC.  I.e.  Two  to  tliree  feet  hi-h,  mostly 
glabrous  except  the  pubescent  peilicels  anil  in\'olucels:  leaf-seg- 
ments cuneate  and  incised;  upper  leaves  opposite  and  8-cleft: 
umbel  6  to  12-rayed;  rays  about  an  inch  long;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines 
long:  fruit  8  to  5  lines  long,     (Fig,  80.) 

Barrens,  Wisconsin  (Lapliam),  S.  Michigan  i  Wrinlil,  Crdi/),  and  Indi- 
ana (C/rt7)y»),  to  Kentucky  (Short),  Tennessee  (O'ltltinncr),  N.Alabama 
yBticklei)),  and  Louisiana,  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

U.  COLOPTFRA.— Dwarf  sandy  ground  plants,  with 
small  leaves  (lobed,  simply  pinnate,  or  bipinnate),  no  involucre, 
involucels  of  foliaceous  more  or  less  unite<l  bractlets,  and  mostly 
yellow  flowers. 

The  whole  habit  of  this  geiuis  is  very  peculiar.  The  thick  corky  laLeiai 
wings  of  the  fruit  arc  those  of  Leptolivniu,  while  the  freciuent  winging  of 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  approaches  ('umoplerux.  It  seems  therefore 
somewhat  to  combine  the  characters  of  these  two  genera  in  its  fruit,  while 
in  habit  it  more  nearly  approaches  some  species  of  ('nuKiplerus.  Such 
combination  of  characters  is  to  be  found  in  no  genus,  and  therefore  we  pro- 
j)Ose  a  new  genus  to  contain  the  three  tollowiug  species: 

1.  C.  Newberryi.  Acaulescent,  2  to  0  inches  high:  leaves 
ovate  l(»  oblong  in  outline,  1  to  2  inches  long,  shorter  than  the 
petioles,  pinnately  8  to  5-foliolatc  or  simjjly  lobed;  terminal  leaflet 
8-lobcd,  the  lower  mostly  2-lobed,  all  the  lobes  sparingly  incised : 
umbel  une(|ually  i  to  10-ra\ed,  with  conspicuous  involucels  of  \ei\- 


50 

unequal  oblong  foliaceous  bractlets:  fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  3 
lines  long,  with  very  thick  lateral  wings  and  filiform  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  very  small,  4  to  8  in  the  intervals,  8  to 
10  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  somewhat  concave.  (Fig. 
;n.)  —  Pcuccdani(m  Newbcrryi  Watson,  Am.  Naturalist,  vii.  801. 
Ferula  Acwberryi  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  145. 
S-  Utah  (Parry),  N.  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico.     Fl.  April. 

2.  C.  Jonesii.  Closely  resembling  the  preceding  in  habit 
and  foliage:  involucels  of  short  equal  ovate  bractlets  more  or  less 
united  into  a  cup:  fruit  with  corky  and  undulate  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate wings  (usually  a  dorsal  wing  on  one  carpel  and  two  inter- 
mediate wings  on  the  other).     (Fig.  82.) 

Milford,  Utah,  June  18,  1880,  ai  5,000  feet  altitude  (Jones  17!i2).  Distri- 
buted as  Leptota'nia  (Peucedanum)  Newberrt/i- 

The  dorsal  and  intermediate  fruit  wings  of  this  species  are  very 
peculiar,  but  it  simulates  C-  Xeivberrni  so  completely  in  other  regards  that 
there  can  be  no  question  of  relationship. 

8.  C.  Parryi.  Resembling  the  two  other  species  in  habit : 
leaves  small,  ovate  in  outline,  bipinr.ate,  v/ith  very  small  oblong 
segments:  involucels  of  more  or  less  united  bractlets :  fruit  Vvith 
wings  as  in  the  last,  but  the  dorsal  and  intermediates  much  more 
prominent,  giving  the  fruit  a  Crwo//e/v/.s-like  appearance:  oil-tubes 
very  small,  5  to  8  in  the  inter\als,  10  to  14  on  the  commissural 
side.      (  Fig.  33.) 

Little  Sandy,  N.  W.  Wyoming  (Pdrrij  in  187:!),  collected  in  Capt.  Jones' 
Wyoming  expedition. 

This  species  resembles  Ciimopterus  Fendleri  somewhat,  but  the  char- 
acter of  its  wings  and  its  habit  place  it  with  the  two  species  above.  It  is 
the  species  of  Colopfeyra  which  looks  most  towards  Cymopteruti;  while  the 
same  may  be  said  of  C  Newherryi  in  relation  to  LeptotcEnia-  C.  Jonesii 
occupies  a  strictly  intermediate  position  between  the  other  two  species. 

15.  LEPTOT.ENIA  Nutt.  Torr.  k  Gray,  Fl.  i.  (529.  Tall 
and  stout  (except  in  the  anomalous  A.  a)ioniala)  glabrous  nearly 
acaulescent  perennials,  with  thick  often  very  large  fusiform  roots, 
usually  large  (except  in  L.  anomala)  pinnately  decompound 
leaves,  involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none,  involucels  of  numerous 
small  bractlets,  and  yellow  or  purple  flowers. 

This  genus  was  referred  to  Ferula  by  Gray,  Pioc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348, 
but  kept  distinct  by  Bentham  &  Hooker,  Gen.  Plant,  i.  922.  Ferula,  Peu- 
cedanum,   PuHlinaca,    Tiedemannia,    Archetnora,    Polyiatnia,  and  Lepto- 


51 

/fi'/i('«  I'onii  <|uik' H  cuiil'iising  grouj)  in  wliich  to  diaw  eonsiisLciit  giMU!ri<? 
lines,  and  as  a  conseciucncu  have  been  varioiiHly  Ueatotl.  In  our  rentoia- 
tion  of  Leplolaniia  It  is  only  necessary  to  point  out  the  characters 
which  separate  it  from  Feruln,  to  which  it  has  been  rcferretl,  and  from 
PrucnhiiiiDii  and  I'oli/tniiid,  with  which  it  is  most  likely  to  l»e  coii- 
tounded^by  American  students,  h'lrulfi  lias  mostly  a  membranous-winged 
fiuit,  no  ridge  on  the  commissural  face,  and  a  very  prominent  disk,  all  of 
which  characters,  as  well  as  its  general  habit,  are  strikingly  contradicted 
bv  Lt'plot(r)iia.  The  thick  corky  wings  of  this  latter  genus  and  their  con- 
nection with  the  thln-walled  pericarp  (still  more  striking  in  oross-sectiom 
serve  to  separate  it  well  from  any  allied  genus  t'xcept  C'olopferti.  Peii- 
crdaiivm  also  differs  in  its  membranous  lateral  wings,  which  are  strongly 
jierved  on  the  ventral  face  at  the  inner  margin,  in  the  absence  of  a  longi- 
tudinal ridge  on  the  lomraissural  face,  and  in  the  often  solitary  oil-tubes. 
In  the  case  of  those  species  of  P  run- dun  inn  which  have  more  than  one  oil- 
duct  in  the  intervals,  the  decidedly  membranous  wings  are  in  sharp  con- 
trast with  those  of  Leplolnnia,  and  simply  indi<-ate  species  of  Pcurethuunn 
looking  towards  Ferula.  In  fact,  we  have  failel  to  discover  any  good 
reason  why  Ferula  should  not  be  incorporated  with  Peuredanum.  In  Poly- 
l<rnia  the  corky  lateral  wings  are  found,  but  the  same  corky  thickening  is 
continued  over  the  whole  back  of  the  carpel,  through  which  small  oil-tubes 
are  scattered,  in  addition  to  the  almost  continuous  row  about  th«'  seed- 
(•avity. 

*  Oil-tiibes  obsolete  or  very  obscure  ( hut  often  scattered 
vesicles  simulating  oil-tubes), 

1.  L.  dissecta  Xutt.  Ton.  A:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  ()8().  One  to 
tlirec  feet  iiigh,  leafy  at  base:  leaves  liroad,  a  foot  or  so  long-,  tern- 
ate  and  thrice  pinnate;  segments  ovate  or  oblong,  y^  to  1  inch  long, 
pinnatifidly  laciniate-lobcd  and  toothed,  puberulent  on  the  veins 
(beneath)  and  margins:  umbel  S  to  20-raycd,  with  an  involucre  of 
few  linear  bracts,  and  involucels  of  several  linear  bractlets;  rays  2 
to  5  inches  long:  flowers  yellow  or  purplish:  fruit  sessile  (but 
sterile  flowers  pedicelled  )  or  nearlv  so,  5  to  9  lines  long,  about  8 
lines  broad:  strengthening  cells  in  the  distinct  filiform  dorsal  and 
intermediate    ribs,    as     well    as    in    the    laterals:    seed-face   plane. 

'(Fig.  'M.)— Ferula  dissecta  (nay.  Pn.c.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  848. 
F.  dissoluta  Watson,  Hot.  Calif,  i.  TA. 

From  S.  California  to  British  Columbia  yManmn).     Fl.  .\pril  t<>  .Tuly. 

2.  L.  multifida  Xutt.  I.e.  Like  the  precciling,  but  with 
more  finely  divided  leaves,  innbels  mostly  without  involucre, 
pedicels  of  the  fruit  3  to  12  lines  long,  fruit  4  to  ti  lines  long,  no 
strengtheniii''  cells  in  the  almost  obsolete    dorsal   and  intermediate 


52 

ribs,  and  sccil-facc  concave   (the    carpel    section    being  crescentic). 
(Fig.  8-"),) — Ferula  luuUifda  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  848. 

From  S.  California  to  British  Columbia.  {Mucotin,  Z)««vso;(,i,  eastward  to 
Utah,  Wyoming  (FonrooiJ),  Idaho  and  W.  Montana.     Fl.  May  and  June. 

*  *      hritit  wit/i  oil-tiibcs  and  pedicels  {j.to  12  /ii/cs  /o?/o). 

8.  L.  Eatoni.  Like  tl.e  last,  but  with  less  dissected  leaves, 
few-rayetl  umbels,  pedicels  of  fruit  -4  to  (5  lines  long,  fruit  8  or  9 
lines  long,  4  or  5  lines  broad,  flatter  and  thinner  than  in  any  other 
species,  oil-tubes  4  to  (>  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural  side, 
a  prominent  corky  nerve  on  the  commissural  face  of  the  lateral 
wing  near  the  inner  margin,  and  seeil-face  plane.     (Fig.  86.) 

Utah  (D.  (J.  Euion  U7,  in  1SG9).    Fl.  June. 

This  species  was  collected  and  distributed  as  L-  midtifuln,  but  the 
decidedly  different  fruit  charaeterii  seem  to  justify  its  separation. 

4.  L.  WatSOni.  Foot  high  or  less,  rather  stout,  somewhat 
branching:  leaves  few  and  small,  at  or  near  the  base,  ternatc-pin- 
nately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments  very  small,  ovate  and 
cuspidate:  umbel  with  5  to  10  variously  elongated  divaricate  rays, 
no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  few  setaceous  bractlets;  rays  2  to 
4  inches  long;  fruiting  pedicels  (2  to  8  or  10  in  number)  about 
half  inch  long  and  divaricate:  fruit  (immature)  6  lines  long:  oil- 
tubes  8  in  the  intervals:  seed-face  concave. 

Collected  in  Canbys  X.  Transcontinental  Survey,  in  the  Wenatchle 
region,  Washington  Territory,  altitude  4,000  feet,  July,  l<ss:{  (Brandegep 
SOI,  TvPi'thi  84S). 

">.  L.  purpurea.  About  a  foot  high:  leaves  completely 
glabrous,  \  cr)-  much  dissected,  the  ultimate  segments  linear  or 
filiform :  umbel  8  to  20-rayed,  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of 
several  linear  acuminate  bractlets;  rays  8  or  4  inches  long;  flowers 
purple:  fruit  *.)  to  12  lines  long,  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  5  to  (3  lines 
broad,  witli  a  much  more  prominent  corky  margin  and  commis- 
sural ridge  than  in  any  other  species:  oil-tubes  prominent,  8  in  the 
intervals  of  the  distinct  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs,  4  on  the  com- 
missural side.  (Fig.  87.) — Ferula  purpurea  Watson,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xxi.  458. 

On  rocky  hillsidcb  near  the  Columbia  Eiver  in  Oregon  and  Washington 
Territory. 


53 

<*).  L.  Californica  Null.  Ton-.  cK:  Cjiay,  Fl.  i.  (W^o.  About 
2  feet  high,  with  1  or  2  stem  leaves:  leaves  teniatc  aiul  pinnate  or 
twice  ternate;  leaflets  cune;.te-ol)ovate,  1  to  'i  inches  loiiji^,  usually 
8-lobe(l,  coarseh'  toothed  ahcne:  umbel  IT)  to  2()-rayc(l,  with  in- 
volucre of  1  or  2  p.arrow  bracts  or  none,  and  no  involucels;  rays  2 
to  4  inches  lon<2^;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  lon^^:  fruit  •"')  to  7  lines  long, 
;}  to  4  lines  broad,  with  a  thinner  margin  than  in  any  other  species; 
dorsal  ami  intermediate  rit)s  indistinct:  oil-tubes  8  or  4  in  the  in- 
tervals, (')  on  the  commissural  side.  (t^ig.  38.) — Ferula  Cali- 
fornica (jra\-,  Proc.  \\w.  .Vcad.  \ii.  84S. 

From  Kern  county,  California  {Parish  l!)-ll),  tiu-ougli  the  state  to 
Oregon  (Howell,  Hendcmon).     Fi.  May. 

7.  L.  anomala.  .Vcaulescent,  glabrous,  with  slender  scape 
((>  to  12  inches  high)  bearing  an  unequally  8  to  ()-rayed  umbel : 
leaves  slender  petioled,  pinnate  with  few  distant  very  narrowly 
linear  divisions:  umbel  with  no  involucre,  and  in.volucels  of  promi- 
nent scarious-margined  veiny  bractlets  more  or  less  united ;  rays 
1  to  3  inches  long;  pedicels  hardly  a  line  long:  fruit  small,  oblong, 
in  nearly  sessile  clusters  of  2  to  8,  4  lines  long,  about  2  lines  broad, 
the  lateral  ribs  considerably  thicker  than  the  body,  the  dorsal  and 
intermediates  very  slender  filiform  to  obsolete,  occasionally  with 
minute  calvx-tecth:  oil-tubes  none:  tiie  commissural  ridge  small  or 
idmost  w^anting.      (Fig.  8*J.) 

Carljondale,  California,  May,  issii  (J/.  K.  Citrnni). 

This  curious  species  is  really  anomalous,  combining  in  a  certain  way 
the  ehaiaeters  of  several  genera.  Its  fruit  characters  are  prominently 
those  of  Lpptolivniu,  its  whole  general  habit  approaches  certain  species  of 
Pcuveihiiutin,  and  its  oc.  asional  calyx-teeth  look  towards  Poli/ldiiid. 

K).  PEUCEDAXL'M  Linn.  (ien.  n.  889.  Short  caules- 
cent or  acaulesccnt  dry  ground  perennials,  with  fusiform  or  tuber- 
ous roots,  ternate  or  pinnate  to  dissected  leaves,  no  involucre,  in- 
volucels mostly  present,  and  yellow  (sometimes  white)  llowers. 

Our  largest  and  by  far  the  most  didiculL  genus,  with  ill-defined  boun- 
daries in  some  directiouB.  Our  North  American  species,  all  western,  form 
a  group  different  in  some  rcspeets  from  foreign  representatives  of  the 
genus,  but  not  distinct  enough  to  justify  separation,  without  a  critical 
study  of  the  immense  display  of  foreign  forms. 


54 

Artificial  Key  to  Species. 

I.  Plants  with  n-/obosc  tubers. 

*     Plorcos  yelhzv  :  oil-tubes  solitary. 

Fruit  puberulent Coun,  () 

Fruit  glabrous. 

luvolucels  wanting  (titibif;uiim,  7 

Involucels  conspicuous cii-nniKJatum,  S 

*  *     Floxvers  white. 

Oil-tubes  numerous. 

Fruit  rough-puberulent ^Votfionu  .'5 

Fruit  glabrous f,n-in(n^H)ii,  5 

Oil-tubes  solitary. 

Fruit  wings  as  broad  as  body  or  broader t'linjearpum,  12 

Fruit  wings  half  as  broad  as  body Canhiji,  2 

Fruit  wings  narrower,  thiokish  and  involute Ht'iuletnoni,  1 

Root  moniliform Geyeri,  4 

II.  Plants  without  globose  tubers. 

*  Floxvers  purplish AuNtimr,  2") 

*  *     F-'loxvers  -white. 

Oil -tubes  numerous. 

Fruit  tomentose tomi'tifoMttDi,  II 

Fruit  with  abundant   close   pubescence,    and  prominent 

dorsal  ribs MolniveiiNc,   1.") 

Fruit  sparsely  pubescent,  and  with  rather  obscure  dor- 
sal ribs XcvadeiiKC,  Ki 

Fruit  glabrous. 

Plant  glabrous C'iinirkii.  :>2 

Plant  closely  pubescent Pdi-ishii,  IJl 

Oil-tubes  soUtary. 

Fruit  pubescent dusi/cfd-pHni,  i:> 

Fruit  glabrous. 
Fruit  large  (.)  to  12  lines  long):  pubescent  plants- 
Fruit  wings  as  broad  as  body  oi  broader eiirycarpum,  12 

Fruit  wings  narrow iiKtcrorarpum,   1 1 

Fruit  small  (2  to  .')  lines  long). 

Fruit  ro'\nd:  plant  pubescent nvdicatite,  17 

Fruit  oblong:  plant  glabrous ('it»ickii,  :>2 

Oil-tubes  obsolete hh-olor,  30 


I^lo-wers  yellow. 


Oil-tubes  obsolete hicolor,  30 

Oil-tubes  solitary. 


55 

Fiuil  wings  narrow  (less  tliun  half  as  broad  as  body). 
Plant  puberulent:    Isallets   linear,    elongated  (2  to    I 

inches) Irilrnuihuii.  :;i 

riant  glabrous:  leaflets  linear,  short  C,  to  !)  lines) laviuutum,  :}.') 

riant  glabrous:  leaflets  thickish,  lanceolate  to  ovate hidcarpum,  Wt 

Fruit-wings  from  half  to  as  broad  as  body. 

Fruit  small  (2  to  -1  lines):  involucels  much  dilated utriruhitiim.  2S 

Fruit  larger  (4  to  8  lines):  involucels  liiiear-subulato  (,'r<n/i,  10 

Fruit  very  large  (9  to  14  lines) Siihsdorfii,   lo 

Fruit-wings  much  broader  than  body. 

Leaves  ternate,  with  linear  or  narrow  leaflets simphw,  'M 

Leaves  with  broad  laciniatoly-toothed  leaflets. 

Leaflets  broadly  cordate,  somewhat  lobed  Kiiri/iitiid,  41 

Leaflets  ovate,   obtuse,  with    divaricate   cuspidate 

teeth ixirvifoliuin.    llj 

Leaves  pinnately  de(  ompound. 

Plant  glabrous M(irlui<l<ihi.  2(1 

Plant  pubescent Vnnifii,    27 

()il-tubes  numeious. 

Fruit  eiuargiiiate,  with  wings  broader  than  body HoinlUi,  42 

Fruit-wings  half  as  broad  as  body. 
Plant  villous  to  sparsely  tomentose. 

Fruit  pubescent rillomiin,  20 

Fruit  glabrous firtiiriilKccum,     It 

Plant  glabrous. 

Involucels  conspicuous citruifoiiHin,  2!) 

Involucels  of  few  setaceous  bractlets. 

Leaves  ternate:  pedicels  a  line  long Bramlct/ei,  ^^\i 

Leaves  pinnate:  pedicels  3  or  4  lines  long HnUii,  24 

Fiuit- wings  less  than  half  as  broad  as  body. 
Plant  puberulent  or  pubescent. 

Fruit  glabrous iiirjiocurpum,  2:j 

Fruit  puberulent. 
Petioles  dilated  with  conspicuous  white  scarious 

margins SdiidUcryii.  22 

Petioles  not  searious-margined. 

Plant  (I  lo  8  inches  high:  fruit  :',\  to  \\  lines  long I'arnji,   l,s 

High  alpine,  1  to  2  inches  higli:    fruit  2  lines 

long Ortudiniiii,    l!i 

Plant  glabrous. 

Leaflets  elongated-linear Khii/ii,  Mi 

Leaflets  ovate  to  orbicular Xiitttillii,  :!8 

Leaves  pinnately  decompound,  with  small  bogments.  .  .DonntlUi,  21 


56 
Systematic  Synopsis. 

5;  1.  Mostly  low,  from  globose  tubers  (single  or  monililorni):  leaves 
small,  more  or  less  dissected,  with  short  segments  (unless  in  P.  amhigaum): 
fruit- wings  narrow  (not  more  than  half  as  broad  as  body):  oil-tubes  mostly 
solitary  in  the  intervals  or  with  accessory  ones  in  some  species. 

*     A/xcays  acaiilcscott  and  ntostlv  glabrous :  /fo-ccrs  white. 

1.  P.  Hendersoni  C.  &  R.  ]>ot.  Gazette,  \iii.  210.  From  a 
shallow  constricted  tuber  6  to  VI  lines  in  diameter:  leaves  tcrnate 
then  bipinnate,  ultimate  segments  short  and  obtuse:  umbel  ec[ually 
2  to  r)-rayed,  with  involucels  of  linear  acuminate  scarious  bractlets; 
rays  about  half  inch  long;  pedicels  I14  to  2  lines  long:  fruit  ovate, 
glabrous,  2]4  liney  long,  2  lines  broad,  with  thickish  narrow  wings 
(not  half  as  broad  as  body)  more  or  less  involute,  filiform  or  nearly 
obsolete  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs,  and  a  rather  prominent  ridge 
on  the  commissural  face:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the 
commissural  side:  seed-face  plane.     (Fig.  40.) 

On  high  hill-tops,  Oregon.  John  Day  Valley,  May,  18S2  (Howell  B  in 
part),  and  Lost  Valley,  Jinie,  1882  (HoiceU  410). 

Dedicated  to  L.  F.  Henderson,  one  of  our  best  Oregon  collectors.  The 
fruit  of  this  species,  in  its  thickish  involute  wings  and  rather  prominent 
commissural  ridge,  very  nearly  approaches  that  ot  Ororienia  fu>ilf(>nni)i 
Watson. 

2.  P.  Canbyi  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xiii.  78.  Three  to 
eight  inches  high,  v.ith  a  short  underground  stem  from  a  thick 
more  or  less  elongated  rootstock  which  ends  in  a  globose  tuber  () 
to  12  lines  in  diameter:  leaves  ternate-pinnatifid  or  bipinnate, 
idtimate  segments  small,  with  8  to  5  linear-oblong  lobes:  umbel 
ec|ually  5  to  10-rayed,  with  involucels  of  narrowly  linear  scarious- 
margined  bractlets;  rays  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  4  to  t)  lines 
long:  fruit  ovate-oblong,  glabrous,  4  lines  long,  2%  lines  broad, 
with  wings  about  half  as  broad  as  body,  and  filiform  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals  (lateral  inter- 
vals often  with  1  or  2  accessory  l>ut  shorter  ones),  2  or  4  on  the 
commissural  side. 

High  ridges,  E.  Oregon  {Huivell,  April,  18S0.  and  May,  1882,  no.  (i7; 
Ctinick  1010,  in  1882  and  188-1)  and  Washington  Territory,  Klickitat  county 
{Howell),  and  Spokane  River. 

This  species  has  been  referred  to  P.  Xevadense,  but  always  with  a 
doubt.  In  Howeirs  distribution  it  is  labeled  P.  daHycarpum.  It  has  been 
collected  too  often  in  its  early  condition,  before  either  fruit  or  leaves  had 
matured,  and  in  this  state  has  been  very  pu/.zling.  Mature  fruit  of  Cusick's 


57 


collec^ting,  in  Canby's  hoihaiium,  lia.s  ciiablcd  us  to  rliarjK  tcri/.c  it  fi.-^  <juite 
a  dislinct  species.  This  is  •'Cluicklusa"  of  llie  Spoi^aiK  Indiaiis,  noxt  to 
Camnss  tlioir  luo&t  valuable  food  plant. 

8.  P.  Watsoni  C.  .\:  R.  Uot.  (iiizeltc,  xiii.  20*.).  Two  or 
three  inches  high,  glabrous  or  pubcrulent,  with  a  short  subter- 
ranean stem  from  a  deep-seated  globose  or  oblong  tuber  (with 
clusters  of  rootlets  over  its  surface)  with  or  without  a  thick  elon- 
gated root  below:  leaves  bipinnate,  the  ultimate  segments  short  and 
linear-oblong:  umbel  uncciually  1  to  -"i-rayed,  with  involucels 
of  more  or  less  united  often  tootheJ  bractlcts;  rays  from  almost 
wanting  to  an  inch  long:  fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  ovate,  rough- 
puberulent,  3  lines  long,  1^/^  lines  broad,  with  very  narrow  wings, 
and  filiform  or  almost  obsolete  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil- 
tubes  (sometimes  wanting)  very  obscure,  3  to  iS  in  the  intervals, 
1  in  each  rib,  and  ()  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  plane. 
(Fig.  41.) 

High  hills  and  mountains  ot  Washington  Territory,  Cimcoe  Mts. 
{Howell,  in  ISSl),  Klickitat  county  (Howell,  411,  412,  4i:i),  Cascade  Mts. 
(Brandeoee,  in  1882,  no.  820  of  Canby's  N.  Transcontinental  survey),  near 
Columbus  (SukH(lurf)\  Oregon,  near  the  Dalles  (Howell  C.  in  1882),  and 
Alkali  (Howell  830,  in  1882).     Fl.  May  and  June. 

This  species  is  readily  recognized  by  its  1  to  :!  clusters  of  sessile  ovate 
pubei'ulent  fruits,  and  Erigenia-like  flowers. 

4,  P.  Geyeri  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xiv,  2^-5.  Root 
monilitbrm,  with  2  or  8  small  rounded  tubers:  leaves  ternate-quin- 
ate;  leaflets  linear,  4  to  9  lines  long;  umbel  small,  unequally  rayed, 
with  involucels  of  several  linear  aciuninate  bractlets:  mature  fruit 
unknown. 

Collet  ted  by  (/(//re  (4:)S);  also  on  the  Clear  Water,  Idaho  (/^c.  J/ c. 
SiKtldhif/);  and  probably  near  Fort  Colville.  Washington  Territory  (/>//'(//. 
in  ISGI). 

A  good  (leal  of  /'.  foriiiosKin  has  been  distributed  as  }'.  (Uitiri. 

"».  P.  farinosum  Gcyer,  Hook.  Lond.  JDUiii.  Hot.  \  i.  285. 
Dwarf,  from  a  deep-seated  solitary  rounded  lui>er  with  freijuent 
clusters  of  fine  rootlets  over  its  surface:  leaves  2  to  8-ternate,  with 
segments  more  or  less  lobed,  ultimate  divisions  all  linear:  umbel  1 
to  8-rayed,  with  involucels  of  few  small  line:n-  bractlets;  lays  1  to  2 
inches  long:  fruit  almost  sessile,  oblong-elliptical,  glabrous,  8  to  4 
lines  long,  2  lines   broad,   with   wings   haU"  as   broad    asb()d\:oil- 


58 

tubes  small,  2  to  4  in  the  intervals,  4  to  6  on  the  commissural  siJe: 
seed-face  plane,     (Fig.  42.) 

From  N.  California  to  Washington  Territory  and  Idaho.  Fl.  March  and 
April. 

This  species  is  very  much  confused  in  collections,  for  in  the  absence 
of  good  fruit  it  is  hard  to  separate  P.  (ieijeri  and  P.  farinomim  from  Oro- 
(jenia.  All  are  low  spring-bloomers,  mostly  from  deep-seated  round 
tubers,  white  flowers,  and  a  general  Erigenia-like  appearance.  Collectors 
should  not  attempt  to  distinguish  them  without  mature  fruit  or  their  dis- 
tributions will  lead  to  great  confusion.  This  is  "Tuhuha"  of  the  Spokane 
Indians. 

*  *  Caulescent  or  acaidescent :  Jioivcrs  yellow:  oil-tubes 
solitary. 

6.  P.  COUS  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxi.  458.  Acaules- 
cent,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent,  with  roughish  scapes  2  to  6 
inches  high,  from  a  nearly  globose  tuber  (6  to  12  lines  in  diameter): 
leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  8  to  7-parted  or  cleft  or  even  entire;  ulti- 
m.'ite  segments  linear-oblong:  umbels  unequally  8  to  10-rayed, 
with  involucels  of  short  oblong-ovate  scariously  margined  bractlets; 
rays  from  nearly  wanting  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  short:  fruit 
oblong,  more  or  less  puberulent,  2^^  to  4  lines  long,  Ij^  to  2  lines 
broad,  with  wings  about  half  as  broad  as  body,  and  prominent 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-lubes  large,  filling  the  intervals, 
4  to  6  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  with  central  longitudinal 
ridge.     (Fig.  48.) 

Stony  hillsides,  E.  Oregon,  John  Day's  Valley,  May  26,  1X80  {HoweU 
270),  and  Antelope,  in  iS85  {Howell  418).  Cn»ick  358,  referred  by  Watson 
to  P.  Couti,  is  P.  circumdatuin. 

This  species  is  called  "Cous"  by  the  Indians,  and  the  starchy  tubers 
are  used  by  them  for  food. 

7.  P.  ambiguum  Nutt.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  iVl^.  Glabrous, 
from  low  acaulescent  to  a  foot  high  and  caulescent,  w^th  tuberous 
usually  moniliform  roots:  petioles  much  dilated  at  base;  leaves  1 
to  2-pinnate,  with  more  or  less  elongated  linear  leaflets,  the  upper 
often  more  dissected:  umbel  unec|ually  8  to  18-rayed,  with  mostly 
no  involucels;  rays  1  \.o '6%  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  8  lines  long: 
fruit  narrowly  oblong,  glabrous,  8  to  4  lines  long,  a  line  broad, 
very  narrowly  winged:  oil-tubes  2  (broad  and  thin)  on  the  com- 
missural side.     (Fig.  44.) 

From  Oregon  iCusiel;  1090,  Henderfton  .5.')), Washington  Territory  (Siikf<- 


)i) 


Jn/-/:!lii).   l.lalio    iWilro.,),    V.'lh.w.stoiio    Falls  i /'<//•;//    llDi.    Hrid  Muiitaiia 
(  Watiiou,  Cnnbji  l.M).  northward  into  British  Cohinibia.    Fl.  Muv  to  July. 

This  species  is  oxtreinely  variable  in  foliage,  and  hence  hard  to  define 
clearly  in  this  regard.  (Collectors  seem  to  have  conlused  it  with  /*.  Infer- 
nahim,  but  its  tuberous  roots  and  glabrous  character,  as  well  as  its  much 
narrower  fruit-wings,  should  serve  as  distinguishing  characters. 
P.  UrrifiKliDit  has  also  been  mistaken  for  P.  umliigti inn,  but  its  broader 
fruit-wings  and. much  reduced  leaflets  should  easily  separate  tiiem. 

Viw.  leptocarpum.  Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so,  making  a 
close  somewhat  divaricate  cluster:  rays  few  and  \ery  unequal.— 
P.  tritcrtiatitm^  var,  leptocarpum  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i,  ()2f). 

Oregon  {Xiittull,  (lei/er  i>'u.  Howell  U',  CuHick  l^-'iH). 

8.  P.  circumdatum  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  474. 
Stems  solitary  from  a  deep-seated  constricted  tuber,  glabrous  or 
puberulent,  foot  or  less  high:  leaves  ternate-quinate,  the  segments 
once  or  twice  pinnatisect,  lobes  linear,  1  to  M  or  4  lines  long:  umbel 
unequally  6  to  12-rayed,  with  involucels  of  conspicuous  broadly 
oblanceolate  (often  united  )  bracllets,  becoming  scarious;  rays  J^  to 
8^  inches  long;  pedicels  very  short:  fruit  oblong-elliptical,  gla- 
brous, 3  or  4  lines  long,  1 J^  lines  broad,  with  narrow  wings,  and 
very  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  4  on  the 
commissural  side:  seed-face  concave,  with  a  prominent  central 
ridge.     (Fig.  45.) 

Abundant  on  hillsides  in  Ordgon,  the  Dalles  iXeviun),  John  Day  Val- 
ley (Hoirf//),  Wallowa  region  (Cuftick),  Blue  Mountains  (HenderHon);  Mon- 
tana, near  Bozeman  (.SVnfeHer  66a).  Little  Belt  Mts.  («Scr/6ner  66),  Belt 
River  Canon  (  Wi}ltam>i  149).  Bozeraan  Pass  and  Little  Blacltfoot  Kiver 
iCanhi/  152);  Yellowstone  Park  (Tirerdji  854);  N.  \V.  Wyoming  {Parry  120,i; 
Dakota  (3//.'<.s  Elaine  JiKfler),  Jjitile  Missouri  iCniihi/  152  a).  Fl.  May  to 
August. 

J^  2.  Stout,  glabrous  only  in  P.  Graiji.  from  largo  roots  (in  P.  macro- 
carpum  and  F.  eurycarpum  ending  in  an  oblong  sometimes  large  tuber): 
leaves  mostly  large  and  very  finely  dissected,  ihe  ultimate  segments  fili- 
form or  narrowly  linear:  fruit  wings  broader  (from  half  as  broad  as  body  to 
somewhat  broader  than  body):  oil-tubes  1  to  3  in  the  intervals  (solitary  in 
two  species). 

*     Floxccrs  ycHoi.L' :  fruit  glabrous :  acaulcscoit  plants. 

y.  p.  foeniculaceum  Nutt.  Torr.  «&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  627.  Tomen- 
tose  or  glabrous,  v>  ith  peduncles  8  to  12  inches  long:  leaves  finely 
dissected,  ternate-piiinate,  with  short  filiform  segments:  umbel 
rather  equally  8  to  12-rayed,  with  gamophyllous  involucels,  5  to 
7-cleft  and  with  conspicuouslv  haiiv   margins;  rays  1  to  2j,2  inches 


no 


long;  pciliccls  ;}  to  T)  lines  loiio-;  fruit  hroaclh'  oliloiio-^  ^yi  to  8  lines 
long,  'i  lines  broad,  with  wings  half  as  broad  as  body,  and  pron-"!- 
ncnt  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  1  to  H  in  the  intervals, 
2  to  4  on  the  commissural  side. 

From  the  Saskatchewan  to  Nebraska,  Mibsoiui  i  Traci/u  Kansas  {Oijs- 
ler),  Indian  Territory  and  Texas  {Rererchoii).     Fl.  March  and  April. 

The  forms  distributed  under  this  name  from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona 
are  mostly  P.  riUoKinn. 

10.  P.  Grayi  C.  A:  R.  Hot.  Ga/ette.  xiii.  20V).  Glabrous, 
with  peduncles  12  to  18  inches  long:  leaves  ternate-pinnately  de- 
compound, the  ultimate  segments  linear,  elongated  or  short,  cus- 
pidate, very  numerous:  umbel  rather  equally  ()  to  KVrayed,  with 
involuccls  of  distinct  linear-subulate  bractlcts;  rays  1  to  8  inches 
long;  pedicels  5  to  H  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  4  to  8  lines  long, 
2^  to  4j/^  lines  broad,  with  wings  usually  more  tiian  half  as 
broad  as  body,  and  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes 
usually  solitary  in  the  intervals  (sometimes  2  in  the  lateral  intei'- 
vals),  2  or  4  on  the  commissural  side.  (Fig.  46.) — P.  'fniUcfoliuni 
Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  129,  a  name  which  must  give  way  to  the 
older  P.  millefolium  of  Sonder  from  S.  Africa. 

Common  on  dry  rocks,  from  N.  Utah  to  Washington  Territory.  Fl. 
March  to  May. 

It  has  been  questioned  whether  certain  forms  with  short  leaf-segments 
are  not  entitled  to  rank  at  least  as  varieties,  but  we  find  the  short  and 
elongated  leaf-segments  often  upon  the  same  plant.  When  the  segments 
become  very  much  elongated  and  crowded  the  leaves  strikingly  resemble 
those  of  Leplotirnia  purpurea. 

*  *     Ploxvcrs  ivJiitc. 

11.  P.  macrocarpum  Nutt.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  627. 
Somewhat  caulescent  or  nearly  acaulescent,  foot  or  less  high,  more 
or  less  iDubescent,  from  a  long  caudex  terminating  below  in  a  fusi- 
form tuber:  leaves  bipinnate,  segments  pinnately  incised,  ultimate  di- 
visions ovate  or  shortly  linear:  umbel  somewhat  equally  6  to  8-rayed, 
with  involucels  of  conspicuous  somewhat  foliaceous  lanceolate  or 
linear  biactlets,  often  united  and  unilateral;  rays  1  to  8  inches  long; 
pedicels  2  to  5  lines  long;  flowers  mostly  white  (rarely  yellow): 
calyx-teeth  evident:  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  glabrous,  4  to  12  lines 
long,  2  to  8  lines  broad,  with  wings  about  half  as  wide  as  body, 
and  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals  (often  obscure,  rarely  2  or  8),  2  or  4  on  the  commissural 


(31 

side:  sccil-facc  witli  ;i  slij^ht  cciitr.il  lon^itiKlinal  ridj^f.      (I'i*^.   tT.) 
N.  Califoi.Miii   uiid    N.    Novada  to  X.   W.   Tcnituiy  ( .l/((<f>//(/ 1  and  Sas- 

kati'hevvun.     Fl.  May  and  Juno. 

W(>  (ind  lliat  a  ^'ood  d.-iil  of  this    spct-ics    has    Im-cii    disti  ilnit.cd  in  Iht- 

haiia  as  /'.  hiclnr. 

I -.  P.  eurycarpum.  Canlcsccut,  l)i;mcliin<;-,  a  foot  or  two 
hii^li,  more  or  less  piihcscL-iil,  frcciiicr.tly  from  a  much  enlarged 
tuberous  root:  leaves  teruate-pinnatcly  decompound,  with  small 
linear  cuspidate  segments:  umbel  8  to  12-ra\ed,  with  involucels  of 
lanceolate  acuminate  often  united  bractlets;  ra\s  y,  io  \  inches 
long;  pedicels  1  to  T)  line^  lont;:  fruit  broadly  elliptical,  glabrous, 
5  to  \)  lines  long,  ;5  to  I  lines  broad,  w  ith  w  ings  as  broad  as  body 
or  broader,  and  liliform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes 
large,  solitary  in  the  intcrxals,  "I  on  the  eommissuial  side.  (Fig.  48.) 
— P.  tind iconic,  var.  (?)  clliptictini  Torr.  iS:  (iray,  Pacif.  R.  Rep. 
ii.  121.  /'.  Diacrocarpiiiii,  var.  (  r)  ciirycarpuni  (J ray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  HS-"). 

From  the  Sacramento  in  California  to  Or.'gon  (//"</// 210)  and  British 
Columbia  (Mccnun). 

The  coarser  foliage,  shorter  and  broad-winged  fruit,  and  less  conspicu- 
ous involucels,  are  the  more  prominent  characters  which  seem  to  entitle 
this  form  to  rank  as  a  species,  rather  than  a  variety  of  P.  macrocar\uim. 
"Skelaps"  of  the  Spokane  Indians,  its  very  large  starchy  roots  forming  a 
valuaUe  food. 

13.  P.  dasycarpum  'i'orr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  (j'-S.  \'ery  short 
caulescent  or  acaulescent,  with  several  stout  peduncles  (3  to  12 
inches  high  from  a  common  root,  tomentosc-pubescent :  leaves 
rather  small,  pinnateU  deeompour.d,  with  numerous  short  linear 
segments:  imibel  somewhat  ecjually  <)  to  ]2-ra}ed,  with  involucels 
of  linear-lanceolate  more  or  less  tomentosc  bractlets;  rays  1  to  3 
inches  long;  pedicels  W  to  5  lines  long:  fiuit  nearly  orbicular^ 
coarsely  pubescent  (sometimes  beconning  almost  glabrous),  4  to  7 
lines  long,  3i/2  to  ()  lines  broad,  with  thin  membranous  wings 
broader  than  thebod\,  and  liliform  tlorsal  and  intermediate  ribs: 
oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals  (an  occasional  sccorulary 
one  in  the  lateral  intervals),  4  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  deepK 
sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  with  plane  face.  (Fig.  4y.) 
P.  Prill i^lci  C.  .S:  R.  Hot.  Gazette,  xiii.  209. 

California,  San  Diego  county  iPn'ngie,  Parrij,  Vasrii),  Lake  and 
Eldorado  counties  (3/.  A'.  Cun-un);  New  Me.xico,  I'pper  Gila  U>reenn).  Fl. 
Apiil  and  May. 


62 

Distributed  trecniontly  as  P.  cKniifoliiiin-  aii.l  P.  ficniculdrcinn.  This 
species  liad  become  so  confused  with  7'.  tometitoHum  that  in  our  first  study, 
p.  fo)iie)ito.sum  Bentii.  being  :accepted  as  a  synonym  of  P.  flas;jc(irpum, 
it  was  taken  as  the  type  of  P.  da>(i/rarpiim.  This  leaving  the  true  P. 
<hi»ycarpum  without  a  name  we  described  it  as  P.  Prin(flei.  We  have  dis- 
covered since  that  the  true  P.  tomenicxum  is  abundantly  distinct  from  the 
much  more  abundant  P.  (Jaxiirnrpum,  and  hence  P.  Pr/Hr/?i"/ becomes  a 
synonym  under  the  latter. 

The  Asiatic  P.  ila.Hnritrpnin  Kegel  k  Schmalh.  was  not  published  until 
1S71. 

14.  p.  tomentosum  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  812.  More  or  lesr, 
densely  villous-tomentose,  somewhat  caulescent  or  scarcely  so,  a 
foot  or  so  high:  leaves  finely  dissected  into  narrow  or  filiform  seg- 
ments: umbel  with  4  to  8  equal  rays,  with  involucels  of  linear  to 
lanceolate  or  ovate  acuminate  bractlets;  rays  (fertile)  1  to  3  inches 
long;  pedicels  3  to  (5  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  evident:  fruit  ovate  to 
orbicular,  densely  tomentose,  5  to  9  lines  long,  3  to  5  lines  broad, 
with  thickish  wings  from  not  cjuite  as  broad  as  body  to  broader, 
and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  (concealed  by  the 
tomentum):  oil-tubes  mostly  3  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commis- 
sural side:  seed-face  somewhat  concave.     (Fig.  50.) 

On  dry  hillsides,  Central  California.  Sometimes  distributed  as  P.  vll- 
JosttmNutt.,  but  more  usually  as  P.  dasycarpum  Torr.  &  Gray.  This  species 
is  by  no  means  as  abundantly  collected  as  P  dasycarpum.  Fine  fruiting 
specimens  collected  at  Elmira,  California,  by  M.  K.  Curran,  first  called 
our  attention  to  the  I'act  that  this  is  the  original  P.  tomentoKum  Benth.  and 
distinct  from  P.  dasycarpum  Torr.  tt  Gray, 

15.  P.  Mohavense.  Having  the  habit  of  the  preceding 
species,  but  with  much  more  strigose  pubescent  leaves,  which  are 
dissected  into  very  small  much  crowded  linear-oblong  or  obovate 
obtuse  segments:  umbel  somewhat  unequally  6  to  10-rayed,  with 
involucels  of  linear  to  l?.nceolate  acuminate  bractlets;  fertile  rays  1 
or  2  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  obsolete: 
fruit  broadly  elliptical  to  almost  orbicular,  with  close  fine  pubes- 
cence, 4  to  5  lines  long,  3  to  4  lines  broad,  with  wings  not  as  broad 
as  body,  and  prominent  and  approximate  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs:  oil-tubes  3  or  4  in  the  intervals,  8  to  10  on  the  commissural 
side. 

Yucca,  Mojave  Desert,  California,  June,  1884  (M.  K.  Curran). 
The  fruit  of  this  species  is  quite   different  from  that  of  P.  tomentosum, 
to  which  species  it  is  most  closely  allied.     It  is  only   about   half  as  large, 


63 

rounder,  Avith  u  fino  but  nbuiidiiut  puboscciKC,  proiuinont  dorsal  ribs,  and 
the  numerous  oil-tubes  superficially  distinct.  In  P.  toinenioHuin  not  only 
the  oil-tubes  but  the  dorsal  ribs  are  completely  hidden  by  the  tomentum. 

i^  3-  Low  and  rather  sl«nder,  from  elongated  comparatively  slender 
roots:  leaves  rather  small,  more  or  less  pinnately  compound  (the  first 
division  sometimes  ternate),  with  short  segments:  fruit-wings  narrow 
(never  broader  than  body):  oil-tubes  :>  to  (i  in  the  intervals  (mostly  solitary 
in  P.  nndicaule). 

*     Flowers   white:  fniit-zcinos  more  thai/    half  as   zvide  as  . 
body. 

]().  P.  Nevadense  WatsDU,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  148. 
Glaucous,  puberulent,  shortly  caulescent,  peduncles  8  to  15  inches 
high:  leaves  pinnately  decompound,  with  small  segments:  umbel 
unequally  5  to  10-rayed,  with  involucels  of  scarious-margined 
linear-lanceolate  bractlets;  rays  often  1  to  2  inches  long ;  pedicels 
-J  to  5  lines  long:  fruit  rounded  to  ovate,  somewhat  pubescent 
(rarely  glabrous),  8  to  5  lines  long,  'i  to  4  lines  broad,  with  wings 
almost  as  broad  as  body,  and  evident  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs: 
oil-tubes  8  or  4  in  the  intervals,  4  to  I)  on  the  commissural  side. — 
P.  irudicaitle  of  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  180,  and  others,  not  Nutt. 
ERst  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  from  N.  California  and  S.  E.  Oregon 
(HoweU)  to  Nevada  and  Utah.    Fl.  >.pril  to  June. 

17.  P,  nudicaule  Nutl.Torr.  iK:  (ira\,  Fl.  i.  ()27.  Acaules- 
cent  or  shortly  caulescent,  with  peduncles  8  to  <S  inches  high,  pubes- 
cent, from  a  thick  elongated  root  (often  swollen  in  places):  leaves 
bipinnate,  the  small  oblong  segments  entire  or  toothed:  umbel  un- 
equally T)  to  8-rayed,  with  involucels  of  scarious-margined  (often 
purplish)  lanceolate  bractlets;  rays  ^  to  li/<  inches  long;  pedicels 
2]4  to  8^2  l»'it-'s  long;  Hovvers  white  or  pinkish:  fruit  almost  round, 
emarginate  at  base,  glabrous,  2]4  lines  long,  2  lines  broad,  with 
v/ings  not  as  broad  as  body,  and  indistinct  or  obsolete  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  solitar\-  in  t!ie  intervals  (rarely  2  in 
the  lateral  intervals),  4  on   the  commisMnal   side:  seed-face  plane. 

(Fig.  rri.) 

Arizona  {I'dhner  l,").s  of  l,s7<i,  l.sl  of  Is77)  and  New  MlxIlm)  uurlhward  Lo 
the  boundary,  and  extending  eastward  to  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Kansas, 
Fl.  March  to  May. 

This  is  one  of  our  earliest  bloomers  and  in  this  regard,  in  its  own  range, 
it  represents  the  more  eastern  Erigeniu.  This  is  the  ('i/moitlcrun  moitlnnus 
Porter  A-  Coulter's  Flora  Colorado,  Irom  iilnins  near  Denver. 


64 

*  *     Fknvers yclloxv :  fritit-i.v'nigs  narrower. 

1'^.  P.  Parryi  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  148.  Strictly 
acaulescent,  somewhat  glaucous,  with  rather  stout  peduncles  6  to 
8  inches  high  from  a  stout  multicipital  caudcx  clothed  with  old 
leaf-sheaths,  puberulent  or  glabrous:  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  short, 
pinnatifid  below  to  entire  above;  ultimate  segments  very  small, 
ovate  and  cuspidate:  umbel  5  to  10-rayed,  with  involucels  of  n  few 
linear-acuminate  bractlets;  rays  i^  to  Xy^  inches  long;  pedicels  2 
to  4  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  evident:  fruit  oblong,  puberulent  or 
glabrous,  3i^  to  ^y  lines  long,  2  to  3  lines  broad,  with  wings  not 
half  as  broad  as  body,  and  filiform  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs: 
oil-tubes  3  to  ~^  in  the  intervals,  4  to  10  on  the  commissural  side. 
(Fig.  r)2.) — P.  niacrocarpuvi  of  Parry,  Am.  Naturalist  ix.  271. 
Mountains  of  Southern  I'tah  (  Parrij  7.")  and  8,'),  Pdhucr  178.  Jones  18(14.) 

I'l.  P.  Oreganum.  vSimilar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  a 
very  much  reduced  cespitose  form,  not  glabrous,  with  very  slender 
peduncles  but  1  to  2  inches  high,  bearing  a  ver}'  small  simple  um- 
bel, or  sometimes  two  nearly  sessile  umbellets,  and  one  to  few 
matured  jDuberulent  fruits  about  2  lines  long;  ultimate  leaf -seg- 
ments very  small,  linear-oblong,  not  cusjDidatc.      (Fig.  53.) 

Alpine  rocks. Blue  and  Eagle  Creek  Mts.,  Oregon  ( (^'«.s/r/,-  13!»(>,  Aug. 
1886-88.) 

20.  P.  villosum  Nutt.  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  131.  Acau- 
lescent, more  or  less  tlcnscly  pubescent,  3  to  8  inches  high:  leaves 
finely  dissected,  with  very  numerous  narrow  crowded  segments: 
umbel  som.ewhat  e(|uall\-  4  to  r)-rayed,  with  in\olucels  of  ovate  to 
linear  usually  ver\'  tomentose  bractlets;  rays  about  an  inch  long; 
pedicels  1  to  3  lines  long:  fruit  oval,  somewhat  pubescent,  3>^ 
lines  long,  2]^  lines  brt)ad,  with  wings  half  as  broad  as  body,  and 
piominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  3  or  4  in  the  in- 
tei'vals,  4  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  plane.      (Fig.  54.) 

From  X.  California  (J/.  K.  Curran),  W.  Nevada,  N.  Arizona,  and  New 
Mexico,  to  Nebraska,  Dakota,  and  N-  W.  Teriitory  {Macoun,   Dmcson). 

Specimens  collected  by  Canby  (no.  1  jO)  in  "Bad  Lands,"  Little  Mis- 
souri, Dakota,  June  30,  1883,  and  by  Dawson  (no.  218-1)  along  Pelly  Kiver, 
N.  W.  T.,  Juno  2s,  1883,  for  the  first  time  bring  the  mature  fruit  to  our 
knowledge,  from  which  we  have  drawn  the  above  characters.  The  fruit 
becomes  smoother  with  age  and  may  become  but  sparsely  pubescent,  in 
whieli  eondition  it  has  been  mistaken  for  P.  firnicidaetum. 


(>5 

21.  P.  Donnellii  C.  tV  K.  Hot.  (i;i/.cttc,  xiii.  1  t:{.  S  imtlv 
caulescent  or  acaiilesccnt,  ()  to  J 2  inches  high,  glabrous,  from  a 
fusiform  root:  leaves  ternate  then  pinnately  decompouiul,  with 
segments  pinnately  cleft  into  short  oblong  or  linear  lobes:  umbel 
somewhat  unequally  (')  to  12-raye(l,  with  involr.cels  of  linear 
acuminate  bractlets;  rays  1  to  +  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  8  lines 
long:  fruit  ovate  to  broadly  oblong,  glabrous,  8^  to  4  lines  long, 
2  to  3  lines  broad,  with  wings  less  than  half  as  broad  as  body,  and 
prominent  dorsal  an.l  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  small, 4  to  0  i:i  the 
intervals,  4  to  6  on  the  commissural  side.     (Fig,  o7).) 

Oregon,  Union  county  (C««/(/c  :>i;.  in  iss.i),  Jolm  Day  \u.\[ny  <  Hmre  1 1 
42(1  and  829,  in  1885).     Fl.  April. 

Most  nearly  resembling  F.  XerddeiiMc.  Dedicated  to  John  Donnell 
Smith,  in  whose  herbarium  the  .species  was  first  detected. 

22.  P.  Sandbergii  C.  &.  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xiii.  71>.  Caules- 
cent, branching  at  base,  an  inch  or  two  to  a  foot  high,  from  an 
elongated  comparatively  slender  root,  rough  puberulent:  petioles 
wholly  inflated,  with  a  very  conspicuous  white  scarious  margin; 
leaves  ternately  or  pinnately  dissected,  the  ultimate  segments  very 
short  linear:  umbel  very  uneciuallv  ()  to  15-rayed,  with  involucels 
of  distinct  linear-lanceolate  bractlets;  rays  1  to  4  inches  long; 
pedicels  a  line  or  tv/o  long;  flowers  bright  yellow:  fruit  ovate, 
puberulent,  2  to  2^4  ''"^s  long,  1^4  lines  Inroad,  with  very  narrow 
wings,  and  filiform  dorsal  and  intermerliate  ribs:  oil-tubes  4  or  T)  in 
the  intervals,  ()  on  the  commissural  fide:  seed-face  phuie.   (Fig.  7)().) 

Bare  mountain  tops,  ">.0()(i  feet  altitude,  along  snow  drifts.  Kootenai 
county,  N.  Idaho  (J.  H.  Samlbtrif  47);  Upper  Marias  Pass,  7,300  feet 
altitude,  N.  Montana  {('anhj;  ir>0>;  North  and  Soutli  Kootonai  Pass  ( />/»»•- 
Koii  S7())  and  top  of  Crow's  Nest  Pass  (Duunon  !)2i,  B.  C. 

This  very  distinct  alpino  species  is  remarkable  for  ith  inllated  petioles, 
with  very  broad  glistening  s(  arious  margins,  which  form  the  most  con- 
spicuous feature  of  the  plant.  The  pe<luncles  are  short  when  the  plant  lirst 
blooms,  rising  but  a  few  inches  above  the  ground,  but  they  rapidly  elong- 
ate, becoming  as  much  as  a  fo(jt  l.igh.  The  fertile  rays  also  are  often 
very  much  elongated.  Ix^cDming  manv  (ini<'s  longer  than  tln>  sterile  rays. 

28.  P.  microcarpum  Howell  i-i  beib.  Closely  resembling 
the  precetling  species,  but  diffeiing  in  its  stouter  habit,  petioles 
without  conspicuous  margins,  somewhat  equally-rayed  umbels, 
deeper  yellow  flowers,   glabrous   fruit   which  is  oblong  and  8  lines 


66 

On  cliffs,  Rosoburg,  Uiiii>(|ua  Valley,  Oregon,  April  20,  1S87  (IJoutll 
700). 

J;  4.  Shortly  caulescent,  slender,  from  elongated  comparatively  slen- 
der roots,  glabrous  (except  P.  Vaseui):  leaves  small,  lanceolate  or  oblong 
in  outline,  pinnate  or  bi pinnate,  with  ovate  toothed  segments:  fruit-wings 
half  as  broad  as  body  or  much  broader:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals 
(except  P.  Hallii). 

*  Frnit-zvitios  ha/fas  broad  os  body. 

24.  P.  Hallii  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  141.  The  elon- 
gated peduncles  6  to  15  inches  high:  leaves  pinnate,  oblong  in  out- 
hne,  the  ovate  segments  half  inch  long,  deeply  toothed  or  pinna- 
tifid:  imibel  equally  3  to6-rayed,  with  small  involucels;  rays  about 
an  inch  long;  pedicels  3  or  4  lines  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit 
broadly  elliptical,  glabrous,  3  lines  long,  2  lines  broad,  with  filiform 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  3  in  the  intervals,  4  to  6  on 
the  commissural  side.  (Fig.  57.) — P.  iiudicaide  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  viii.  385. 

Oregon,  "northern  part"  (Hall  211).  above  snow  line  on  Mt.  Hood  (Mrn. 
P.  Cr.  Barrett,  in  18f<2);  "Washington  Territory,  Mt.  St  Helens  1 3/r-s.  Brirnfs, 
in  1S85). 

25.  P.  Austinae  C.  <S:  R.  Dot.  Gazette,  xiii.  208.  Resemb- 
ling the  preceding  species,  but  with  leaf-segments  larger  and  pin- 
nate with  nai'row  often  tooflicd  (li\  isions,  flowers  piu-plish,  fruit 
3"j  lines  long.  I  '  _,  lines  Inoad,  with  oil-tubes  soiitarx  in  the  dor- 
sal intervals,  mostly  2  in  tlie  lateral,  1  on  the  con)inissur;il  side, 
and  an  additional  one  in  each  group  of  strengthening  cells; 
seed-face  concave,  with  central  longitudinal  ridge.     (Fig.  58.) 

California,  Plumas  county  {Mrs.  R.  M.  Austin,  in  1880),  Humboldt 
county  (Greene  7.32).     Distributed  as  P.  Hallii. 

*  *     Fri(it-%vi}igs  ))iiich  broader  t/ia?i  body. 

26.  P.  Martindalei  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xiii.  142.  Re- 
sembling P.  Hallii  in  habit  and  foliage,  but  differing  in  leaves 
sometimes  bipinnate,  with  toothed  or  pinnatifid  segments,  fruit  4 
to  7  lines  long,  3i/^  lines  broad,  with  wings  much  broader  than 
body  (which  is  but  a  line),  and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side; 
seed-face  somewhat  concave,  with  central  longitudinal  ridge. 
(Fig.  50.) 

Rocky  places,  Oregon,  Cascade  Mts.  and  Waldo  (Howell,  in  1880),  Fl. 
May. 


«7 

Distributed  u.s  /'.//(»////  Wulsoii.  |)<-.li.at.'.l  lo  Mr.  I.  C.  Maitm.lalH, 
to  whose  collection  of  rmln  llifi nr  wf  juf  imn-li  iiKlobtcd. 

^'al•.  angUStatum  C".  X:  K.  1.  c.  1  i:{.  I'suMlly  more  caules- 
cent aiul  sometimes  taller,  \'.  it  h  more  dissected  lea\es,  and  wings 
of  fruit  but  half  a  lii\e  wide,  maUiiig  a  fruit  2  lines  wide. 

Mountain  peaks,  California,  Yoseniite  {('urrnn),  Mendocino  county 
(A>/?of/f7);  Oregon,  Cascade  Mts.  {llowrlD;  Washington  TeniUny  [Unni- 
(leffce  :\2'S,  Tweed ji  2«),  Mt.  Adams  (N»/i.sf/o//  :!H:j),  and  oth<M- mountain 
peaks;  Vancouver  Island.  Mt  Aiiowsniith,  ■'),.'>00  feet  altitude  [.\f(tr(tno  l!i). 
Distributed  aw  /'.  Ilnllii. 

27.  P.  Vaseyi  C.  iK:  R.  iiot.  Gazette,  xiii.  ]44.  Shortly 
caulescent,  (S  to  S  inches  hioh,  jnibescent:  petioles  wholly  inflated; 
leaves  small  ( I  to  2  inches  long),  bipinnate,  with  the  small  ovate 
segments  irregularly  8  to  o-lobed:  umbel  equally  2  to  5-raycd, 
with  involucels  of  obovate  petiolulate  toothed  bractlets;  rays  an 
inch  long;  pedicels  a  line  or  two  long;  flowers  yellow  (?):  fruit 
liroadly  oblong,  emarginate,  glabrous,  (*)  to  7  lines  long,  4  lines 
broad,  with  wings  twice  as  broad  as  body,  and  mostly  prominent 
dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  tlie  intervals, 
4  on  the  commissural  side. 

California,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  May,  1880  (G.  R.  Vaney'lM},  Mesas 
near  San  Bernardino,  April,  1881  (S.  B.  iv  W.  F-  Parinh  28(),  in  i)art).  Fol- 
soni,  May,  188:^  (AA  A'.  Currnn) 

Distributed  by  Vasey  as  P.  maciovnrpum  Nutt ,  var.,  and  by  Parish  as 
CymopteruM  terebinthinuH  Torr.  &  Gray. 

J;  .5.  Caulescent,  puberulent  or  pubescent  (occasionally  glabrous), 
from  elongated  comparatively  slender  roots:  leaves  decompound,  with  nar- 
rowly linear  more  or  less  elongated  segments  (excepting  /'.  Ptin'Mhii)  and 
usually  wholly  dilated  petioles;  bractlets  of  the  involucel  scarious-mar- 
gined,  more  or  less  conspicuous. 

*  J^ruit--iX'in<rs  nearly  as  broad  as  body^  t/iin :  oil-tubes  large 
and  solitary  in  tJic  intervals:  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  promi- 
nent. 

28.  P.  utriculatum  Nutt.  Torr.  .K:  (iray,  Fl.  1.  028.  Cau- 
lescent or  sometimes  nearly  acaulescent,  from  cespitose  to  a  foot 
or  more  high,  from  a  more  or  less  tuberous  root,  puberulent  or 
glabrous:  petioles  very  broadly  dilated;  leaves  tcrnately  or  pin- 
m.tely  decompound,  with  ultimate  segments  narrowly  linear, 
(')  lines  or  less  long:  limbcl  iMKH|u;dly  .'»  to  20-r;iycd,  with  involu- 
cels of  much  dihited  mostl\  obovate  often  toothed  petiolubite 
bractlets;  j-ays    2    inches  or   less    hmg;  pedicels    2  to  o  lines  btng; 


08 

Hovvcrs  yellow:  fiiiit  hroutlh-  elliptical,   glabicnis,  2  to  o  lines  lon<^, 

1  to  8 J/2  li'ii-'^  broad:  oil-tubes  4  to  6  on  the  commissural  side, 
sometimes  2  or  8  very  short  accessory  ones  in  the  dorsal  intervals: 
seed-face  somewhat  concave.     (Fig.  (50.) 

From  S.  California  to  Briti'^h  Columbia,  and  oxtending  eastward  to 
Idaho.     Fl.  April  to  July. 

*  *  Fniit-xvings  narroxv  a/id  ihickish :  oil-tubes  obsolete  or 
very  indistinct  and  numerous  in  the  intervals:  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate ribs  obsolete  or  nearly  so. 

21).  P.  caruifolium  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i .  628.  Like  the  preced- 
ing species,  but  often  more  caulescent,  the  elongated  peduncles  i^ 
to  li/^  feet  high,  leaf-segments  %  to  2  inches  long,  dilated  bractlets 
not  only  obovate  but  often  lanceolate,  fruit  3  or  4  lines  long,  with 
wings  half  as  broad  as  body  and  obsolete  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs,  oil-tubes  indistinct,  2  or  8  in  the  inteivals,  none  on  the  com- 
missural side.    (Fig.  (U.) — P.  marginatum  Benth.  PI.  Hartw.  312. 

Central  California,  from  San  Luis  Obispo  county  {Joues  3600), 
through  the  central  counties  by  numerous  colle.'tors,  to  Butte  county 
{Mrft.  R  M.  Ausfin). 

80.  P.  bicolor  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  129.  Caulescent  or 
scarcely  so,  4  to  18  inches  high,  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent: 
petioles  wholly  dilated;  leaves  ternate-pinnately  decompound,  tlie 
ultimate  segments  very  numerous  and  linear:  umbel  very  unequall}' 

2  to  10-rayed,  with  involucels  of  1  to  8  linear-subulate  bractlets; 
rays  1  to  5  inches  long;  pedicels  short;  flowers  yellow  or  white: 
calyx-teeth  obsolete:  fruit  oblong,  glabrous,  5  to  6  hues  long,  1  to 
2i^  lines  broad,  with  nenrly  obsolete  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs: 
dorsal  oil-tubes  obsolete,  2  on  the  commissural  side. 

Utah,  Wahsatch  Mts.  (irn/«o«.  Pa rrj/  21),  City  Creelv  Canon  iJoneH 
1713,  in  1880);  Nevada,  Empire  City  {Jonen,  in  1882);  Oregon,  Hood  River 
[HenderHon). 

This  species  resembles  Leptotivnia  in  the  thicliness  of  its  wings. 

81.  P.  Parishii  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xiii.  209.  Caules- 
cent, from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  high,  glaucous,  closely  pubescent, 
from  a  thick  elongated  root:  leaves  pinnate,  with  pinnatifid  to 
entire  leaflets,  the  ultimate  oblong-linear  or  linear  segments  cuspi- 
date, somewhat  toothed  or  entire;  root-leaves  sometimes  nearly- 
entire  or  few-cleft:  umbel  unequally  4  to  12-rayed,  with  involucels 
of  small    linear-lanceolate   acuminate    bractlets;  rays   1  to  5  inches 


lon^;  pcnliccls  2  to  4  lines  lonj;-;  llowcrs  wliilc:  fruit  somewhat 
obovate,  glabrous,  iU/^  to  (5  lines  long,  2  to  4  lines  broad,  the 
usually  narrow  wings  in  robust  specimens  sometimes  becoming 
almost  as  broad  as  botly,  filiform  or  obsolete  dorsal  and  intermed- 
iate ribs:  oil-tubes  exceedingly  small,  often  obscure,  ()  to  8  in  the 
intervals,  8  to  10  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  concave. 
(Fig.B2.) 

California,  San  Bernardino  county,  high  ridges  north  side  of  Oil  Baldy 
Ut.  {Parish  1942,  in  June  1H8-),  Bear  Valley,  6,500  feet  altitude  (P«/(«/( 
1828,  in  June  ISSC),  Colusa  county,  Bear  Valley  {M-  K.  Curran,  in  May 
1884). 

^  (5.  Mostly  tall  and  t)ften  stout,  from  long  fleshy  roots:  leaves  not  so 
much  divided,  with  usually  broad  or  elongated  segments:  bractlets  of  the 
involucel  small  or  none:  flowers  mostly  yellow:  fruit  glabrous,  narrowly 
winged  (except  in  3  species):  oil-tubes  mostly  large  and  solitary  in  the  in- 
tervals (3  to  5  in  a  few  species). 

*  Leaves  XL'itli  narrowly  linear  more  or  less  elongated 
leaflets. 

•j*     Low :  Jlozcers  w/iite. 

82.  P.  Cusickii  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxi.  453.  Dwarf, 
caulescent,  glabrous,  from  a  thick  elongated  root:  stems  2  to  o 
inches  high,  bearing  a  single  leaf:  leaves  1  to  2-ternate,  the  seg- 
ments with  3  to  5  linear  acute  lobes  from  3  lines  to  an  inch  or 
more  long:  umbel  with  1  to  3  short  fertile  rays,  and  involucels  of 
narrow  acuminate  bractlets,  which  are  distinct  or  more  or  less 
united;  pedicels  very  short:  fruit  oblong-elliptical,  4  to  5  lines 
long,  the  thin  wings  as  broad  as  the  body  or  narrower:  oil-tubes 
1  to  3  in  the  intervals,  4  or  0  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face 
concave.     (Fig.  63.) 

Oregon,  on  the  highest  summits  of  Eagle  Creek  Mts.,  Union  county 
(CuHick,  in  1885),  subalpine  ridges  of  Blue  and  Powder  lliver  Mts.  ( Cn><irlc 
1280,  in  1886).     Fl.  July  and  August. 

Resembles  small  forms  of  P.  Himplex. 

t  t      Taller -.flowers  yellow. 

33.  P.  simplex  Xutt.,  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  129.  Cau- 
lescent or  acaulescent,  jjuberulent,  often  tall  and  stout:  leaves  ter- 
nate  or  biternate;  leaflets  from  very  narrowly  linear  (almost  fili- 
form) to  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  4  inches  long:  umbel  unequally  3 
to  15-rayed,  with  involucels  of  lanceolate  or  setaceous  bractlets; 
rays  i^  to  3  inclu'slong;  pedicels   1    to  3   lines    long:  fiiiit  l)rc):ull\ 


70 

oblong  to  nearly  c)i!)iciilar,  soniclinics  cmaiginatc  at  each  end,  '4  to 
6  lines  long,  2  to  5  lines  broad,  with  wings  broader  than  bod)- 
(also  extending  below  body  ),  and  prominent  dorsal  and  intermed- 
iate ribs:  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2  on  the  com- 
missural side:  seed-face  slightly  concave.  (Fig.  64.)  —  P.  tritcriia- 
ttim^  var.  •platycarpum  Torr,  Stansb.  Rep.  389. 

From  Arizona  and  California  (J/.  K.  Cnrran)  to  Washington  Tcnitory. 
Idaho,  and  Montana. 

In  determining  this  species  it  is  important  to  remember  that  wings 
develope  lasit,  and  hence  very  mature  truit  must  be  obtained  to  show  wings 
of  full  width. 

84.  P.  triternatum  Nutt.  Torr.  &  Gray,  P^l.  i.  026.  Cau- 
lescent or  acquiescent,  puberulent,  1  to  2}4  i^^^  high:  leaves  biter- 
nate  to  triternate;  leaflets  from  narrowly  linear  to  linear-lanceolate, 
2  to  4  inches  long:  umbel  unequally  T)  to  18-rayed,  with  invol- 
ucels  of  lanceolate  or  setaceous  bractlets;  rays  %  to  2%  inches 
long;  pedicels  a  line  or  more  long:  fruit  narrowly  oblong, 
glabrous  (rarely  pubescent),  8  to  6  lines  long,  1 J^  to  2  lines 
broad,  with  narrow  v/ings,  and  somewhat  prominent  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  very  large  and  broad,  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  very  slightly  con- 
cave.     (Fig.  65.) — Incl.  P.  triternattim^  var.  hptocarpuni  Nutt. 

From  California  to  Washington  Territory,  Idaho,  and  British  Columbia 
(Mac.oun).     Fl.  April  to  June. 

One  of  the  most  abundant  and  variable  of  our  species.  It  shades  off 
towards  P.  Himplex  sometimes  in  a  most  perplexing  way.  The  following 
are  extreme  forms: 

Var.  macrocarpum.  A  more  robust  form,  with  broader 
leaflets,  longer  rays,  and  larger  fruit  (6  to  8  lines  long). 

Oregon  (8M/.-.sr/o*-/r)02).  Dalles  [Kel'ofio,  in  1869),  Hood  River  (Hcmhr- 
mn  390). 

Var.  brevifolium.  vStouter  and  more  rough  puberulent,  with 
more  compact  leaves,  having  stout  inflated  petioles,  and  shorter 
and  broader  often  toothed  leaflets. 

Oregon,  Klickitat  county  (Hovrll  379.  in  18S1),  and  rocky  hillsides  near 
the  Dalles  (HnkHdorf). 

Var.  alatum.  Leaves  with  very  narrowly  linear  and  elon- 
gated segments;  fruit  T)  to  0  lines  long,  with  broader  wings  (some- 
times as  broad  as  body  or  even  broader),  but  the  elongated  form  is 
that  of  P.  trUernahtin  and  not  /'.  siniflcs. 


71 

California,  Folsoiu  i  .U.  K.  Ciirntn),  Mixloc  county  (Mrs.  h'.  M.Au.Hlhn; 
Oroyon  (Ciisirk  lOilS). 

This  form  most  cvi'lontly  intergrades  between  /'.  Irilenmlum  and  P. 
simfilcv.  Iiavingthc  fniit  outline  of  the  former  and  the  broad  wings  of  the 
hitter.  As  it  merges  into  true  P.  IrUenmluin,  however,  by  insensible 
gradations,  and  is  (|uite  distinct  in  fruit  outline  from  P..siinple.r,  we  include 
it  as  a  viuity  of  the  former. 

3o.  P.  laevigatum  Null.  Ton.  A:  (Jra),  Fl.  i.  t]"i7.  Closely 
rcseiiihling  the  preceding  species,  but  completely  glabrous,  a  foot 
or  so  high,  with  triternate  leaves  and  much  reduced  leaflets  or 
segments,  the  latter  but  8  to  D  lines  long,  and  half  a  line  wide;  pedi- 
cels 4  to  5  lines  long;  fruit  4  to  T)  lines  long,  1  ]/i  to  2  lines  broad, 
with  wings  as  broad  as  body.      (  Fig.  (')<).) 

Along  bluffs  of  the  Columbia  Iliver  in  Oregon  ( IfcnilciNoin  and  Wasli- 
ington  Teiritory  (Hoirfll,  Suksdorf). 

3<).  P.  Kingii  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  474.  Acau- 
lescent,  glabrous:  scape  ()  to  18  inches  high,  a  little  exceeding  the 
leaves:  leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate;  leaflets  linear,  elongated,  cuspi- 
date, sometimes  2  inches  long:  umbel  somewhat  ecpially  4  to  20- 
rayed,  with  involucels  of  linear-lanceolate  l)ractlets;  ia\s  1  14  inches 
long;  pedicels  1  to  3  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  exident:  fruit  oblong, 
4  to  r>  lines  long,  2  lines  broad,  narrowly  winged,  the  dorsal  and 
intciiiK-diate  ribs  also  sonu'tinirs  irrcgularh  winged:  oil-lubes  '.',  Ik 
•"•  in  thv  inlerxals,  ti  t<>  iO  <<\\  the  commissural  side-:  seed  sdux'W  bal 
suleate  on  the  back,  wilh  slii^htly  concave  f:ice.  (  J-'ig.  <»'i.)  Srs,// 
Nuttallii  Gray,  Proc.  \\w.  Acad.  viii.  287,  in  part.  Miiscuiuin 
tcnuifoliuin  Hook,,  not  Xutt.  /'.  gravcolcii.s  Watson,  King's 
Rep.  V.  128. 

Mountains  of  Utah  and  Colorado.     Fl  July  and  August. 

Var.  alpina.  Dwarf,  with  stems  4  to  0  inches  l.igh,  lea\  es  3 
inches  long,  niosth-  simplv  jiinnale,  with  3  to  -")  jiairs  of  leaflets : 
umbel  3  to  6-rayed :  fruit  linear-o])long,  2  to  3  lines  long:  oil- 
tubes  very  obscure,  1  or  2  in  the  intervals,  4  to  (>  on  the  commis- 
sural side.  —  P.  i^ravcolois^  \ar,  a/pii//////  Watson,  King's  Rep. 
V.  12<.). 

East  Humboldt  Mountains,  Xevala,  !i,0(h»  feet  altitu<le  (  Witts,, h  U\U. 

*  *     Leaves  ~cit/i  lanceolate  to  orbicular  segments. 

37.  P.  leiocarpum  Xutt.  Ton.  t\:  (Jray,  Fl.  i.  ()2().  Acaules- 
cent,  glabrous,  1    to   2   feet    high,    from    a    \ery    long    fleshy    it)ot : 


leaves  biternate  or  teniate-quinatc  or  sometimes  simply  •.eriiate; 
leaflets  thickish,  from  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  1  to  2  inches 
long,  petiolulate,  entire  or  toothed  at  apex:  umbel  very  unequally 
6  to  15-rayed,  with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels;  peduncles 
and  rays  dilated  at  summit;  rays  1  to  8  inches  long;  pedicels  var- 
iable, 1  to  9  lines  long;  flowers  yellow:  fruit  narrowly  oblong,  5 
to  7  lines  long,  Ij^  to  2}/^  lines  bread,  narrowly  winged:  oil-tubes 
large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural  side: 
seed-face  somewhat  concave.     (Fig.  68.) 

From  California  to  British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  Idalio.     Fi  May 
to  July. 

38.  P.  Nuttallii  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  128.  Like  the 
preceding,  but  smaller,  leaves  once  or  twice  ternate,  with  ovate  to 
orbicular  leaflets  having  cuneate  to  cordate  base;  fruit  ovate  to 
oblong,  4  lines  long,  3  lines  broad,  and  very  narrowly  winged; 
oil-tubes  small,  3  in  the  intervals,  4  to  6  on  the  commissural  side; 
seed-face  almost  plane.  (Fig.  69.) — P.  latifolium  Nutt.  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  625,  not  DC. 

N.  Nevada,  Oregon,  and  Idaho  (>V'i7ro.i-). 

39.  P.  Brandegei  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xiii.  21().  Short 
caulescent,  glabrous,  6  inches  to  a  foot  high,  from  a  thick  elong- 
ated root:  leaves  ternately  decompound,  the  ultimate  segments 
lanceolate  (6  to  12  lines  long,  Xy^  to  8  lines  wide),  cuspidate 
pointed:  umbel  6  to  12-rayed,  with  involucels  of  few  linear  or 
setaceous  bractlets;  rays  3  to  6  lines  long,  pedicels  not  more  than  a 
line,  both  reflexed  at  maturity;  flowers  yellow:  calyx-teeth  evident: 
fruit  (immature)  oblong,  about  4  lines  long  and  2  lines  broad  (un- 
doubtedly becoming  larger),  with  wings  about  half  as  broad 
as  body,  and  prominent  or  even  slightly  winged  dorsal  and  inter- 
mediate libs:  oil-tubes  2  to  4  in  the  intervals,  4  to  6  on  the  com- 
missural side. 

Collected  in  Canbys  N.  TranconLinental  Survey,  in  the  Walla  Walla 
legion,  Washington  Territory,  May,  iss:;  (linouler/ft'  7!)9,  Tu-ceibj  8,')(i). 

*  *  *  yei'v  stout  and  ta//,  ivilh  large  decompoitnd  leaves 
and  linear-oblong  seg?nents :  fruit  the  largest  in  the  genus. 

40.  P.  Suksdorfii  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  369.  Gla- 
brous, 2  to  8  feet  high  or  more:  leaf-segments  1  or  2  inches  long, 
entire  or  2  to  8-clcft   towards  the    top:  umbel  somewhat  c([unlly  6 


to  rj-r;i\c'(l,  with  iii\ oIiul'Is  of  linear  aiiiiniiiatc  l>iactkis;  rax'-  1  to 
T)  iiiclics  l()n<j^;  pedicels  )i  to  S)  lines  Ioiil;^;  Hovveis  yellow:  fruit  nar- 
rowly oblong,  y  to  14  lines  lon<r,  H  to  (>  lines  broad,  witli  winj^s 
narrower  tban  boily,  and  very  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs:  oil-tubes  solitar\-,  \ery  lar<^e  (tilling  tbe  intervals),  'i  on 
tlie  commissural  side:  seed-face  somewhat  conca\v'.  (I'ig.  70.) 
Dry  rocky  iiiouiaain  bidos,  Klickilal  rouiiLy,  Orcyoii  iSiihstldif). 

ij  7.  Low,  shortly  caulescent  or  acaulescent.  from  a  thick  (slont^Mti- I 
loot,  glabrous:  leaves  ternate  or  pinnate,  with  broad  oblong  or  louiid 
coarsely  cuspidate-toothed  leaflets:  (lowers  yellow:  fruit  wings  very  broad, 
often  several  times  broader  than  body:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  inter- 
vals (except  in  I\  Hdircllih- 

41.  P.  Euryptera  Gray,  Proc  Am.  Acad.  vii.  :US.  Shortly 
caulescent,  rather  stout,  (j  to  12  inches  high:  leaves  ternate;  leaflets 
broadly  cordate,  somewhat  lobod,  coarsely  n;ucronate-ti)othcd,  i/j 
to  1  inch  long:  umbel  equally  8  to  ir)-rayed,  with  involucels  of 
lanceolate  bractlets;  rays  i4  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  0  lines  long: 
fruit  nearl\-  orbicular,  emarginate  at  each  end,  glabrous,  5  to  7 
lines  in  diameter,  witii  wings  more  than  twice  as  broad  as  bod\-, 
and  pi-omincnt  obtuse  dors;d  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  2  to  4 
on  the  commissural  side.  (  1' ig-  Tl.) — Eiiryftera  Iticida  \utt. 
Torr.  A:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  ()2y. 

Gravelly  hills.  S.  Califoruiii,  and  Tin  son,  Arizona  iLeiniutm  (i2i. 

42.  P.  Howellii  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  )m\.  Acau- 
lescent, with  peduncle  12  to  18  inches  high:  leaves  biternatc  to 
biquinate;  leaflets  cuneate-orbicular  to  round-cordate,  acutely 
ilentate,  often  8-lobed,  (')  to  12  lines  long:  umbel  with  few  elon- 
gated and  divaricate  fertile  rays,  with  involucels  of  acuminate 
lar.ceolatc  bractlets;  pedicels  4  lines  long:  fruit  glabrous,  broadly 
elliptical  or  nearly  orbicular,  emarginate,  with  wings  bioadcr  than 
body,  4  lines  long:  oil-tubes  H  or  4  in  tbe  intervals,  4  to  10  on  the 
commissural  side.     (Fig.  72.) 

Near  Waldo,  Josephin<>  county.  Oregon  i  lion;  Ih. 

PI  P.  parrifolium  Torr.  A:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  (V^S.  .Short  caules- 
cent, slender,  with  ;i  solitarv  peduncle  4  to  12  inches  high:  lea\  es 
clustered  near  the  base,  usually  huge  (4  to  (3  inches  long),  bipin- 
nate  (but  the  upper  leaflets  conlluent);  leaflets  broad,  obtuse 
(usuall)  eniling  truncately  or  emarginately  between  two  divaricate 
teeth),  irregularly  incised  aiul  with  broad  strongh   cuspidate  teeth: 


74 

umbel  8  to  ]0-ra\cil,  willi  iiuohiLX'ls  of  linear  or  lanceolate  acumi- 
nate bractlets;  rays  J/^  to  1  ^  inches  long;  pedicels  3  to  4  lines 
long:  fruit  broadly  ellipt.'cal  to  orbicular,  3  to  8^4  lines  loner, 
scarcely  emarginate,  with  wings  broader  than  body,  and  rather 
prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs:  oil-tubes  2  to  4  on  the 
commissuial  side.  /'.  Califoniicitiii  C  tv:  R.  Hot.  (ia/x-lte, 
xiii.  14a. 

California  (Thos.  Couller,  Jlrdinhuo).  [liiio  wootlb  ucar  Monterey 
(Ddiufhifi),  San  Luis  Obispo  (Joxcs). 

'J'liis  species  luis  been  so  frequently  mistaiicn  in  collections  that  we 
were  uiisloail  nntil  the  typo  had  been  examined. 

17.  PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS.  ^Mostly  low  (often  ccspi- 
tose)  glabrous  perennials  from  a  thick  elongated  root,  with  bipin- 
iiate  leaves  (shorter  than  the  peduncles),  no  involucre,  and  invol- 
ucels  of  narrow  bractlets  mostly  longer  than  the  white  or  yellow 
Howers. 

This  genus  is  constructed  to  contain  a  species  that  has  been  refeired 
doubtfully  to  Thanpiiim  and  Ligutificum,  and  t  ;/o  others  that  have  been 
referred  to  CymoptcruH.  That  P.  montanuH  should  be  referred  to  Thaspinm 
is  no  longer  held.  It  seems  generically  distinct  from  Lir/usilicum  on  ac- 
count of  its  broad  lateral  fruit-wings  and  irregular  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs,  dorsal  flattening  of  the  fruit,  depressed  stylopodium,  often  solitary 
oil-tubes,  and  yellow  flowers.  P.  hi/ihuuilKM  and  P.  ttiil.s(ilns  are  distinct 
from  Cijinoplei-Ks  on  account  of  their  smaller  fruit,  which  does  not  have 
broad  dorsal  and  intermediate  wings,  is  dorsally  flattened,  and  contains 
proraim^nt  strengthening  cells.  The  throe  species  form  a  well-defined 
genus. 

1.  P.  montanus.  Stem  erect,  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high: 
lea\cs  mostly  with  broad  outline;  leaflets  cut  into  3  or  5  oblong  or 
lanceolate  segments,  the  upper  often  enliie:  umbel  0  to  12-raycd, 
with  involuccls  of  linear  or  setaceous  bractlets  longer  than  the 
yellow  Howers;  ra\s  (>  to  U  lines  h^ig;  j)edicels  about  a  line  long: 
fruit  broadly  oblong,  about  2  lines  long,  with  lateral  wings  (not 
cohering)  almost  as  broad  as  body,  the  doisal  and  intermediates 
very  variable  (either  ribbed  or  narrowly  winged):  oil-lubes  1  to 
4  in  the  intervals,  4  to  0  on  the  C(j:nmissural  side:  seed-face  plane. 
(Fig.  73.)  —  Thaspiiim  {^i)  montantini  Gray,  PI.  FenJl.  57. 
LigHsticitni  nioxtanitin  Benth.  ^  Hook.  Cien.  Plant,  i.  912  and  914. 

Colorado.  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

Widely  variable,  especially  in  its  folingc.  Tll<^  following  are  the  ex- 
treme forms: 


75 

\';ii .  tenuifolius.  nflm  Iiiil^ii  .hkI  mun.'  In  aiirliin-,  w  itii 
ii:in<)\vl\-  liiicnr  k';itlL'l>  '  _.  lo  1  '  _.  iinlii-s  loii'^.  '/'lias  piiim  (  ?  ) 
iiKiiitaniini,  \;ir.  (?)  Iriiiilfuliiiiii  (ir;i\,  I'l.  W  li'Ljht .  ii.  •'»'"'•.  /.ii;/is- 
tit'iiDi  iiiDiilaiiKiii^  WW.  tciiiiihiHiiin    Walton,    Uilil.     IikKn    I'oKpct. 

S.-iiu.-  laii-c  as  tl>r  s|..-cirs. 
\'ar.  purpureus,      Sl.oilh      caulcsccMit,      witli     rather     weak 
;;sccii(liii<^  pediimlcs  (':\  to  •*»  inclics  lonj^j),  aiul  purple  Hdwcis. 

Saiuly  soil,  Arizona,  Mt.  Hiimpluoys.  July,  iss:;  tUiishi/  (uVI),  and 
Fiaf-'staff  (/^((.s/>.v  G;;1.  August,  iHS'd;  ■fonr.H.  August,  isst;  Liniiiioii,  Septem- 
ber, 1S.S4;  Trarii  -i:!."),  Juno  21,  lSt<7). 

2.  p.  bipinnatus.  Ccspitosc,  the  short  l)ianches  of  tho 
rootstock  covered  witli  the  crowded  remains  of  dead  leaves,  ghui- 
coiis,  puberulent  or  ghibror.s:  leaves  pinnate  with  few  pairs  of 
short  segments,  which  are  pinnately  divided  into  short  linear  lohcs: 
scapes  4  to  !S  inches  high,  much  exceeding  the  leaves;  rays  1  to  4 
lines  long;  involiicels  of  few  linear-lanceolate  bractlets;  flowers 
white:  fruit  nearly  sessile,  ovoid,  1 1^  to  8  lines  long,  niotler- 
ately  flattened  dorsallv,  the  5  thickish  carpel  wings  equal  and  nar- 
rov,'  (often  being  but  very  prominent  acute  ribs),  wMth  obscure 
strengthening  cells:  oil-tubes  8  or  4  in  the  intervals,  I)  to  8  on  the 
commissural  side:  seed-face  concave.  (I'^ig.  74.) — CynwptcrKS 
hifiniiatiis  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  w.  8()8. 

Montana,  in  the  mountains  south  of  Virginia  City  (Hin/drn,  in  IsTl. 
under  ('umnpfaniK  /(Tiiiculaceux^,  near  Bannocii  City  (  Watson,  in  ISSO), 
Mt.  Helena  (f'«H/>»/,  in  18S:j),  Shields  River  (Scrilnwr  (K!  c,  in  iss:!),  along 
X.  P.  R.  R.  {Tireedy  291,  in  18.s2);  Dakota,  Black  Hills  iliusl,!,,  in  issTi. 

8.  p.  anisatuS.  Acaulescent,  cespitost'  from  a  much 
branched  caudex  which  is  mure  or  less  coveretl  witli  the  remains 
of  old  leaves:  leaves  on  long  petioles,  narrow,  somewhat  rigid, 
pinnate  and  the  leaflets  pinnately-parted  into  linear  (sometimes 
linear-oblong)  pungently  acute  segments:  peduncles  ()  to  12  inches 
high,  exceeding  the  leaves;  umbel  unequally  T)  to  l2-rayed,  with 
iuvoluccls  of  linear-subulate  (sometimes  lolied  )  bractlets  exceed- 
ing the  white  or  vellow  flowers;  ravs  '4  to  8  inches  long;  pedicels 

1  to  8  lines  long:  fruit    about   2   lines    long,    the  carpel  irregularh 

2  to  r)-winged,  with  prominent  group  of  strengthening  cells  in 
each  one:  oil-tubes  1  to  8  in  the  intervals,  2  to  4  on  the  commis- 
sural  si<le:  seed-face  plane.     (Figs.  75,  70.) — Cvuiof^tcriis  tercbin- 


76 

(hiiiKs^    \A\.  j'iVi/ic///arc/ts    Gra\-,    Ain.     jour.    Sci.    2.    xxxiii.  408. 
C.  a///sa///s  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Philad.  1803,  ()8. 

Mountains,  from  Colorado  and  Utah  to  N.  W.  Wyoming  and  Oregon. 
Fl.  June  to  August      Tiiis  is  Ifall  ,(•  Ifdrhanr  22. 

18.  CYMOPTERUS  Raf.  Jouni.  Phys.  1819, 100.— Mostly 
\i)\\  and  glabrous  perennials  (often  ccspitose)  from  a  thick  elong- 
ated root,  with  more  or  less  pinnately  compound  leaves,  mostly  no 
involucre  and  prominent  involucels,  and  white,  purple,  or  yellow 
flowers. 

This  genus  has  heretofore  seemed  polymorphous  and  perplexing  on 
aceount  of  having  been  made  to  contain  species  which  hekl  no  relation  to 
it.  As  restricted  here,  it  is  quite  definite  and  distinct,  being  easily  recog- 
nized by  the  broad  thin  wings  of  the  fruit,  which  is  not  atalldoisally 
llattened,  the  concave  seed-face  (often  enclosing  a  central  cavity),  and  the 
entire  absence  of  strengthening  cells.  At  the  same  lime,  the  fruit  charac- 
ters are  so  diverse  as  to  make  the  species  easy  of  distinction.  The  genus 
is  confin-)d  to  Western  North  America,  and  especially  the  Great  Basin, 

*     Seed-face  slio/it/v  co)icave. 

f     Floxvers  zvhite. 

^      Itivoliicrc  //one. 

Oil-t/(bcs  /i/tnie/-o//s. 

1.  C,  glomeratUS  Raf.  1,  c.  Low  (  ;j  to  8  inches),  with  a 
short  cau.dex  bearing  leaves  and  peduncles,  glabrous:  leaves  pin- 
nate to  bipinnatc;  ultimate  segments  linear-oblong,  entire  or 
toothed:  rays  and  pedicels  very  short,  making  a  rather  compact 
cluster;  involucel  of  a  single  palmately  5  to  7-parted  bractlct:  fruit 
globose,  8  to  4  lines  in  diameter,  v/ith  8  to  5  broad  thin  wings  on 
each  carpel:  oil-tubes  small,  4  or  5  in  the  intervals  (or  double  the 
number  where  a  rib  has  been  suppressed),  8  on  the  commissural 
side:  seed-face  almost  jilane.     (  Fig.  77, ) 

From  Colorado  to  British  Columbia,  east  to  Saskatchewan.  Wisconsin 
iLai)li(nii).  Iowa  (Bi'saeij},  and  Arkansas  iXutlall). 

2.  C.  campestris  Torr.  <S:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  024.  Low  (2  to  8 
inches  high),  with  short  caudex  from  a  tuberous  root:  leaves  bipin- 
natc, with  oblong  segments:  peduncle  scarcely  as  long  as  leaves; 
umbels  8  to  4-rayed,  with  involucels  of  minute  bractlets:  fruit  with 
somewhat   thickened   wings,  the  dorsal   or  both  intermediate  ones 


77 

()I>s()k-tc  (111  each  c:;rpL-l :  oil-lulics  (S  on  llie  coinmissmal  sitic: 
caip()i>li()ic  free. 

"Plains  of  Uio  Platte,  near  the  K(..-ky  Mountains"  iXidliilh. 

In  the  type  specimens  of  this  uncertain  species  tlio  fruit,  u[ton  whitli 
its  specific  rank  cliielly  depends,  has  disappeared.  It  closely  resembles 
low  forms  of  r.  f/?()//(<'((//M.s,  but  difl'ers  from  that  species  in  its  free  per- 
sist(>nt  carpophore,  small  invohicel  bractlets,  and  few  rays,  besides  the  re- 
markable fruit  characters  described  by  Nuttiill.  Specimens  collected  by 
1^.  L.  Greene,  in  ISTU,  on  the  plains  near  Denver.  Colorado,  and  liy  Prof. 
T.  C.  Porter,  in  ls71,  near  Cheyenne,  Wyoming  Territory,  all  in  llower, 
have  been  leferred  to  this  species,  correctly  so.  it  nmy  be.  However,  they 
are  somewhat  larger,  the  bractlets  are  larger,  thougli  much  smaller  than  in 
('.  (jlomiratuH,  and  there  is  an  elongated  subterranean  caudex  from  a  deep- 
seated  fusiform  root.  Mature  fruit  alone  can  certainly  determine  the  rela- 
tionship. 

Oil -tubes  solitary  in  the   intervals   (  not    known  in    i'. 
nivalis). 

3.  C.  globosus  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  \i.  141.  With 
a  \cr}-  short  stcn.i  hearing'  a  few  lea\  es  and  pcthincles  ( "l  to  4 
inches  high),  ghibrous:  leaves  ghuicous,  pinnate  or  bipinnate  with 
broadly  oblong  pinnatitid  segments;  ultimate  divisions  oblong, 
entire  or  toothed,  often  cuspidate:  rays  and  pedicels  obsolete,  the 
Howers  and  fruit  being  in  dense  globose  heads,  and  the  involucel- 
bractlets  \ery  much  reduced  or  \vantiiig:  fruit  :{  to  4  lines  long, 
the  5  thickish  carpel  \vings  appro\imatcl\-  c(|ual,  becomir.g  nar- 
rower towards  the  base  of  the  fruit:  oil-tubes  'ion  the  commissural 
side,  and  a  small  one  in  each  wing.  (  1"  ig.  7S.  )  —  C.  inoiitatius 
Torr.  .K:  (iray,  Pac.  R.  Rep.  ii.  PiO;  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  128, 
in  part.      C  nioiitanus.,  var.    o^lolntsns  Watson,  1,  c.  124,  excl.  fruit. 

Northern  Nevada,  near  Carson  City  (^7;v^■/(,  Wdixiui).  in  the  Goshoot 
mountains  ( Hcrkirith).  near  ICnipirc  City  t  Joins),  near  Pyramid  Lake 
I  Lrmiiiou).     Fl.  May  and  June. 

4.  C.  corrugatus  Jones,  Am.  Xal.  1888,  978.  Like  the 
preceding  species,  but  leaves  simpler,  witli  broader  more  obtusely- 
toothed  segments:  ra\s  1  to  (>  line-  long;  iiuohicels  \  ei\-  \ariable, 
of  large  or  small  oblong  or  lanceol;  te  bractlets  more  or  less 
united:  fruit  (immature)  apparently  identical  in  section,  the  young 
wings  very  much  wrinkled. 

Nevada,  in  the  region  of  Humboldt  Lake,  June,  1hs2  {Jdhih  :5,sS(;). 
•hnnH  \^\'^\.  from  Jual)  and  Sioux   Uriilge.  Utah,  dislrilnitcd  as  ('.  Fmdliti, 


we  hiivc  also  n-lfir.Ml  to  Uun   simmIcs,    (lioui-'li    Ukto    arc    somr  ^,ligllt  <lil- 
IViciiL-cs. 

T1m>  wriukled  liuil-\viiig.>5  are  \  cry  striking;  in  the  ininiatiiio  stage  tliat 
has  licoii  collected.  Imt  many  fruit-wings  show  the  same  sort  of  wrinkling 
while  immature  and  become  plane  enough  when  fully  developed.  The 
characters  of  leaves  and  indorescence,  however,  s(M\e  well  to  distinguish 
this  species  from  ('  (flohosux. 

T).  C.  nivalis  Watson,  Kint^'s  Rep.  v.  Ti:*.  VVitli  lono-  and 
branching  c-andcx,  i^lancons,  niinntely  scabrons-pnlicrnlcnt  to  gla- 
l)rons:  leaves  simply  pinnate,  with  leaflets  H  to  ^-lobed  or  pinnatel}' 
dissected,  the  segments  oblong-lanceolate:  peduncle  2  to  4  inches 
high,  exceeding  tlie  leaves,  bearing  a  small  nearly  capitate  umbel; 
involucels  of  broad  obtuse  membranous  liractlets  united  at  base 
and  nearly  equalling  the  white  or  pinkish  Howers:  fruit-wings 
eciual,  thin:  section  unknown. 

East  Humboldt  Mountains,  \evada,  !»()<»()  to  loooo  feet  altitude.  July 
and  August  (  WatMoin. 

^  ;j;     Involucre  and  iiivoliiceh  botli  conspicuous. 

<».  C.  montanus  Torr.  (fc  Cray,  Fl.  i.  <)24,  Leaves  clustered 
at  the  summit  of  the  very  short  stem,  glaucous  and  glabrous  (rarely 
slicrhtlv  puberulent) :  leaves  pinnate  or  bipinnate;  pinnie  oblong, 
jiinnatitid  with  oblong  obtuse  entire  or  toothed  lobes:  peduncles  1 
to  <)  inches  high:  rays  3  to  9  lines  long;  pedicels  very  short;  invol- 
ucre and  involucels  of  mostly  broad  membranaceous  usually  green- 
veined  bracts,  more  or  less  united:  fruit  oblong  in  outline,  8  to  0 
lines  long,  the  8  to  T)  carpel  wings  broad  and  thin  (thick  at  base): 
oil-tubes  ]  to  8  in  the   intcr\als,  4  to  8    on    the    commissural  side. 

(Fig.  79-) 

From  New  Mexico  to  Colorado,  Utah,  and  Yellowstone  Park  (Twcfdj/), 
east  to  Texas,  Kansas  (L.  Wafsoti],  and  Nebraska  (//«(/'/''«)•  Fl.  March 
and  April. 

This  is  Ff «rf/e*- 27.')  and  Ifall  A-  llarlnur  211.  The  species]  is  «|Uite 
variable  in  its  involucre  and  involucels.  While  in  some  specimens  they 
are  quite  conspicuous  and  almost  cup-like,  in  others  they  are  narrow  and 
nearly  distinct. 

\'ar.  purpurascens  (ira\-,  Ives  Colorado  Rep.  1 '">,  With 
\  ery  broad  and  conspicuous  involucels  nearl}  enclosing  the  flowers, 
obtr.se  and  tinged  or  veined  with  purple  and  green:  fruit  large  and 
very  broadly  winged.  -C.  montanus  \-a\\  glohosus  Watson,  King's 
Rep.  v.  124,  as  to  fruit. 

From  New  Mexico  to  S.  California  [PariHin  and  Nevada 


79 

T  f     /'7ozct'rs  vvl/dic :  (>i/-t///H's  tiiinicroHs. 

7.  C.  terebinthinus  Ton.  .\:  (nay,  Fl.  i.  (Vjl.  Shortly 
laiilcscciit,  -lahroii^^,  <)  lo  IS  iacb.t-s  hi;L(li,  leafy  at  base:  leaves 
rather  rij^itl,  tb.iiee  pinnate  ( somctiiiies  tcrnatc  at  llist);  leaflets  a 
liiic  loni;"  or  loss,  linear  of  lincar-(»l)lonL,',  entire  or  toothed,  nnicro- 
nalc:  nniltcls  with  4  to  IT)  fertile  rays,  mostly  no  involucre,  and  in- 
\ohKt.'ls  of  shoit  lineal-  or  lanceolate  ])ractlets;  rays  >^  to  2  inches 
lon,o-;  pedicels  1  to")  lines  Ion--;  fruit  :5  to  i  lines  lonj,^,  the  (mostly) 
T)  car[)el  winj^s  hroad  aiid  thin  (sometimes  wrinkled  ),  with  a  rather 
indistinct  j^roup  of  strenj^thcnin"^  cells  in  tlie  base  of  cach:oil- 
tuhes  "J  to  T)  in  the  intervals,  T)  to  10  on  the  commissural  side. 
(  I''i<i^,  SO.)  Inch  Cfa'tiicidaccits^  C  alhijlonis^  ami  C.  t/iapsoidcs 
of  Xuttall  in  Torr.  <!;:  (iray,  Fl.  i.  (321. 

From  the  mountains  of  S.  California  to  Britibli  Columbia,  and  extend- 
ing eastward  through  Nevada  and  t'tah  to  Colorado  and  S.  W.  Wyoming, 
ri.  April  to  June. 

Tiiisis  nnindci/i'  siio  and  Tinr,!,/  s|i)  of  Canl.vs  N".  Trar..seontinrntal 
Survey,  distriljutod  as  ('..'  (dii.salu.'i. 

<S.  C.  Fendleri  <'ra\ ,  PI.  Fcndl.  .■")().  Low,  suhcaulcsccnt: 
leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  e\ceedin<j;  the  jjcdun- 
cles,  *2  to  ^{-pinnate,  pinnu'  and  sej^ments  o  or  7,  oblong  and  incised : 
umbels  few-rayed,  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  oblong  or 
lanceolate  iiractlets  united  at  base  and  exceeding  the  flowers:  fruit 
about  8  lines  long,  each  carpel  with  8  or  4  thin  wings:  t)il-tubcs 
several  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  comniissural  side. 

Gravcllv  hills,  Arizona  ( /^((.s/z/y  I,  and  New  Mexico  [  h'l  inlltr  'l'\.  Xi  ir- 
Inrri/,  Tlinrber),  to  W.  Texas  and  Mexico  iliiye.Uiir,  ]V,i!il<l.  in  Mcx. 
liound.  Suiv.);also  Fort  Lyon,  on  the  Arkansas  {Pdliiier). 

*  *      Sri\f-forc  :•(•/']■  ihcply  coi/cavc. 
■V      F/n:.;-rs  vr/7o,v. 

'•>.  C.  longipeS  Wals-.n,  KingV  Kep.  \.  r,M.  Siiortly  cau- 
lescent, glabrous:  leaws  pinnate  to  bipinnate,  the  ultimate  seg- 
ments o\al  am'  mucronulate:  fruiting  peduncles  longer  than  the 
lea\  esj  I  |(.  1(»  inelies  long:  uinbeU  r>  lo  10-ra\id,  with  mosllvno 
in\i)lncie,  and  involucels  of  subulate  acuminate  bractlets;  rays  t)  to 
15  lines  long;  peilicels  't  lines  long:  iVuit  ."{  to  4  lines  long,  the  5 
cirixl  wings  broad  ami  tiiin,  rather  une(|ual:  oil-tubes  M  in  the  in- 
lerxals,  (»  on  the  i-onimissmal  sidi:  seed-fac-e  stiongU  iiut.luti-, 
nearl\-  I'Uilosing  ;i   central  ca\il\.      (  I'ig.  S|.) 


80 

Utali,  Wulifeatch  Mts.,  near  Halt  Lake  City,  and  on  Antt-lopc  Island, 
:)()00  f€et  altitude  {Walficn.  in  18(1!)),  near  Ogden  ((Umllcr,  in  1.S72),  8  Utah 
{('apt.  F.M.  Bishop,  in  187:i),  Utah  Valley  (./o«r.s  KISO,  in  18S(I).  Fl.  May 
and  June. 

t  t      F/oxccrs  purple. 

JO.  C.  purpureus  Watson,  Am.  Nat.  vii.  ;}00.  Whole  plant 
jjiirplish,  nearly  acaulesccnt,  glabrous:  leaves  broadly  triangular  in 
outline,  'Z  to  8-pinnate,  the  broad  segments  coarsely  mucronate- 
dentate:  peduncles  stout,  exceeding  t/.e  leaves:  umbel  unequall}' 
8  to  r2-rayed,  with  mostly  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  lanceo 
late  bractlets  united  near  the  base  and  nearly  equalling  the  yellow- 
ish-purple flowers:  fruit  4  lines  long,  each  carpel  with  3  to  5  broad 
membranous  wings:  oil-tubes  4  or  5  in  the  intervals,  S  on  the  com- 
missural side:  seed-face  deeply  sulcate. 

New  Mexico  {Palmer)  and  N.  Arizona  [Mrs.  h'.  I'.  Thompson.  Pahnci 
177,  in  1877)      Palmer  177  may  be  from  S.  Utah. 

11.  C.  Jonesii.  Nearly  acaulesccnt,  glaucous  and  glabrous: 
leaves  ternate  then  pinnate  to  bipinnate,  with  ultimate  segments 
rather  broad  and  mucronate-toothed :  peduncles  stout  and  longer 
than  the  lea\es,  *,'  to  7)  inciies  high:  umbels  5  to  12-rayed,  with  no 
involucre  and  involucels  of  small  lanceolate  bractlets  somewhat 
united  at  base;  rays  about  an  inch  long;  pedicels  2  to  8  lines  long; 
fruit  globose,  4  lines  in  diametei',  the  T)  carpel  wings  broad  and 
thin  ( ^•ery  thick  at  base):  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  very  narrow 
intervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  deeply  sulcate. 
(Fig.  82.) 

Frisco,  Utah,  altitude  8000  feet,  June  22,  is,s(i  {Jones  1808). 

Distributed  as  C.  purpurms,  but  differing  decidedly  in  its  fruit,  whicli 
lias  wings  very  thick  at  base,  veiy  narrow  intervals  in  which  are  solitary 
oil-tubes,  and  but  2  oil-tubes  on  the  conunissui-al  side. 

12.  C.  cinerarius  Gray,  Froc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  585.  Acau- 
lesccnt, with  subterranean  creeping  rootstock :  peduncles  (2  or  3 
inches  high)  and  petioles  glabrous:  lea\x's  somewhat  cordate  in 
outline,  bipinnate  with  toothed  segments,  glaucous-cinereous  with 
a  fine  rough  pubescence:  rays  few,  short  or  almost  none;  involu- 
cels of  numerous  united  somewhat  membranous  long-acuminate 
segments:  fruit  8  lines  long,  with  rather  narrow  undulate  wings: 
oil-tubes  8  in  the  interv:ds,  several  on  the  commissural  side;  seed 
narrow,  strongly  curved,  with  a  deep  central  channel. 


81 

California,  at  Soiioia  Pass  aiid  abovo  Mono  Laki-  in  tJKj  Siona  Xovada, 
al  liiHH)  to  lO.OdO  fi'ol  altiUidi'  {Brcin'r). 

r  T  f      /^7o-ccrs  zc////r. 

1'5.  C.  glauCUS  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Pliilail.  Acatl.  \  ii.  28.  Leaves 
ami  peduncles  clustered  at  the  summit  of  a  shoit  (sometimes  clon- 
i^ated  I  caudex,  more  or  less  scabrous-puberuleiit:  leaves  tripinnaie, 
the  ultimate  divisions  crowded,  linear-oblong,  with  revolute  mar- 
gins: peduncles  at  fiist  short,  elongating  in  fruit  and  exceeding 
the  leaves:  umbels  T)  to  1  ."i-ras  cd ,  with  an  involucre  of  setaceous 
bi-acts.  or  none,  and  involucels  of  linear  acute  l)ractlets;  rays  4  to 
12  lines  long;  pedicels  2  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  2  to  3j^  lines  long, 
tiie  2  to  T)  carpel  wings  rather  narrow:  oil-tu])cs  3  to  5  in  the 
broad  inter\als,  (y  to  8  on  the  commissural  side:  seed-face  deepl\- 
sulcate  or  involute.     (Fig.  83.) 

Nevada  (Watson.  Vu.<te!,'),  Utah  (./o/fcs  lO^ss.,  Idaho  iXt'lldli).  and  Mon- 
tana, headwaters  of  .locko  River  (C'nnbii  147).     Fl.  April. 

19.  PIIELLOPTERUS  Benth.  Gen.  Plant,  i.  905.— Low 
tomentose-villous  herbs  on  the  sands  of  the  sea-shore,  with  once 
or  twice  ternate  or  ternate-pinnate  coriaceous  leaves,  ovate  to 
roundish  more  or  less  conHuent  leaflets  densely  white  tomentose 
beneath,  involucre  and  involucels  of  subulate  bracts,  and  glomerate 
whitish  flowers. 

The  fruit  of  this  genus  differs  in  no  respect  from  that  of  Cymopterux, 
and  we  retain  it  only  on  aeroinit  of  its  very  peculiar  habit  and  habitat.  It 
is  one  of  the  Japanese  and  Corean  forms  which  have  reached  our  western 
coast. 

1.  P.  littoralis  Schmidt,  Fl.  Sachel.  in  Mem.  Acad.  Petrop. 
7.  12.138.  Subcaulescent:  petioles  elongated;  leaflets  callous-ser- 
iate to  dentate,  with  impressed  veinlets  above,  1  to  2  inches  long: 
umbels  shorter  than  the  leaves,  10  to  12-rayed;  rays  6  to  12 
lines  long;  umbellets  capitate:  fruit  1  to  o  lines  in  diameter,  the 
wings  Ij^  lines  bro;i(l.  (Fig.  <S4.  )  —  Cvn/opfcr/ts  (  "' )  littoralis 
(iray,  Pac.  R.  Rep.  xii.()2. 

Sandy  sea-shores,  Oregon  {Howell,  Htmlernun);  Washington  Territory 
I  Cooper),  Puget  Soud  fWilkes"  Expedition);  Vancouver  Island  {Macoun,  in 
IssTi.     Fl.  June. 

The  plant  is  said  to  scarcely  rise  above  the  surface  of  the  shifting 
sand^,  the  leaves  lying  prostrate. 


82 

20.  THASPIUM  Nutt.  (irnera,  i.  19f),— Perennials  (2  to  5 
feet  high ),  with  ternately  di\ide(l  lea\es  and  broad  serrate  or 
toothed  leaflets  (or  lower  leaves  simple),  mostl}'  no  involucre,  in- 
volucels  of  small  bractlets,  mostly  yellow  ilovvers,  and  all  the  fruits 
pedicelled. 

Tho  species  of  Thaiipium  are  in  great  confusion.  In  Gray's  Manual 
T.  avreum  Nutt.  and  T,  irifoUatnm  Gray  eacii  have  an  apterous  variety. 
These  apterous  forms  Avere  taken  from  Koch's  genus  Zizia  and  placed 
under  the  Tlia.spinm  species  apparently  from  the  close  resemblance  of  the 
foliage.  The  fruit  characters,  however,  are  abundantly  distinct,  for  the 
Zizia  forms  have  simply  ribbed  fruit  flattened  latterally,  the  central  fruit  of 
the  umbellets  sessile,  and  flower  in  early  spring;  while  T.  auretim  and 
T.  trifolialum  of  the  Manual  have  winged  fruit  flattened  dorsally,  central 
fruit  pedicelled,  and  flower  lat(>  in  summer,  maturing  fruit  in  the  fall. 
Bentham  &  Hooker  have  transferred  these  apterous  Zizia  forms  to  a  sec- 
tion 2>(2/a  under  C'«m/«,  from  which  genus  they  differ  in  the  absence  of 
stylopodia,  central  sessile  fruit,  more  prominent  ribs,  and  Thaspium-Vike 
foliage.  The  same  authors  seem  to  have  made  no  disposition  of  T.  aurenm 
of  the  Manual,  unless  it  went  with  the  apterous  variety,  while  the  group  of 
forms  under  T.  trifaliadun  Gray,  of  the  Manual,  hasbeentaken  to  represent 
r.  eordatum  Torr.  &  Gray.  For  this  latter  species  Bentham  &  Hooker 
seem  to  have  had  in  mind  only  Gray's  apterous  variety,  and  so  referi-ed  it 
to  Carum  J^  Zizia  as  one  of  the  two  species.  In  "Watson's  Bibliographical 
Index  the  synonym  Carum  eordatum  Benth.  &  Hook,  under  T.  trifoUatum, 
is  correctly  quoted  so  far  as  literature  is  concerned,  but  apparently  should 
be  transferred  to  T.  trifoUatum,  var.  apterum  Gray,  to  express  the  real 
form  Bentham  &  Hooker  had  in  mind.  This  loaves  the  Manual  forms  T. 
aureum.  and  T.  trifoiiatvm -with  its  var.  o/ro/Jwrpm-eiu/i.  unprovided  for  by 
these  authors,  the  two  apterous  varieties  only  having  been  used  to  form 
the  section  Zizia  under  Carum.  An  explanation  of  this  may  be  found  in 
the  fact  that  most  of  the  herbarium  specimens  labeled  Thuspium  aureum 
are  really  the  so-called  apterous  varieties.  The  true  Thanpium  forms,  with 
winged  fruit,  are  quite  uncommon  in  herbaria,  while  the  apterous  forms 
are  vei'y  abundant. 

1.  T.  aureum  Nutt.  I.e.  Glabrous:  radical  leaves  mostly  cor- 
date, serrate:  stem  leaves  simply  ternate  (rarely  biternate);  leaflets 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  rounded  or  tapering  at  base,  serrate:  umbels  8 
to  l2-rayed;  rays  %  to  1  inch  long;  pedicels  about  a  line  long; 
flowers  deep  yellow:  fruit  globose-ovoid,  about  2  lines  long,  all 
the  ribs  equally  winged.   (Fig.  85. ) 

Thickets  and  woodlands,  throughout  the  Atlantic  States  and  westward 
into  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Apparently  not  in  Canada,  all  the  specimens 
so  labelled  from  there  being  Zizia  aurra.  Fl.  in  summer  and  maturing 
fruit  in  late  summer  or  autumn. 


83 

This  species  has  a  wide  range  of  variation  in  tiie  division  and  toothing 
of  its  leaves,  but  the  variations  are  so  inconstant  tliat  it  seems  inipos- 
sible  to  found  specific  distinfjtions  upon  them.  In  characteiizing  T. 
aureiim,  Nuttall  lias  laid- some  stress  upon  "lateral  divisions  of  the  upper 
leaves  subsessile,"  a  character  which  means  nothing,  as  these  divisions 
may  be  sessile,  subsesi-ile,  or  petioled  upon  Llu^  same  plant,  either  in  T. 
<uireiim  or  the  7'.  trifolialiini  of  fJray.  So  far  as  foliage  chaiacters  are  con- 
cerned, serrate  leaflets  point  to  Nuttall's  form,  while  creuately-toothed 
leaflets  stand  for  Gray's  7'.  trifoliafitin,  exclusive  of  his  vars.  uptcrnm  and 
niropurpu renin.  Further  confusion  in  leaf  characters  has  arisen  by  in- 
cluding the  so-called  apterous  varieties,  which  we  have  restored  to 
Zlzia.  An  extreme  variation  in  leaf  characters,  but  merging  completely 
into  the  type  through  intermediate  forms,  is 

Var.  trifoliatum  C  iK:  K.  Hot.  Gazette,  xii.  136,  in  which 
the  leaves  or  leaflets  are  crenate  or  crenately-toothed. —  7'.  trifolia- 
tum Gray,  Manual,  in  part. 

Ohio  to  Illinois,  westward  to  Oregon  and  British  Columbia  (Macoun). 

This  seems  to  be  the  common  western  form  of  the  species,  as  our 
Pacific  coast  specimens  are  all  distinctly  this  variety.  From  Ohio  to  Illi- 
nois there  is  an  interminable  intermingling  of  species  and  variety,  while 
in  Pennsylvania  the  specific  form  indistinctly  represented- 

Var,  involucratum.  Radical  leaves  twice  to  thrice  ternate; 
leaflets  as  in  the  species:  umbel  with  conspicuous  involucre  of  ser- 
rate bracts,  and  involucels  of  numerous  toothed  bractlets  often  as 
long  as  the  pedicels,  which  are  2  to  3  lines  long. 

Mountain  meadows,  Kootenai  county,  Idaho,  July,  1SS7  (./.  W.  Leiberff). 

Var.  atropurpureum  C.  A:  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.  130.  Petals 
dark-purple. —  7^.  atropurpnrc/ini  Nutt.  7'.  tri foliation .,  ww.  atro- 
purpureum Gray,  Manual. 

Same  range  as  the  species. 

This  variety  has  the  leaf  characters  of  the  species,  and  if  var.  trifolia- 
tum had  been  retained  as  a  species,  var.  atropurpurpum  would  have  been 
transferred  to  T.  aureuyn. 

In  giving  the  range  of  the  above  group  of  forms  it  has  been  impos- 
ftible  to  use  published  ranges,  owing  to  the  great  confusion  as  to  what 
forms  were  intended.  Discarding  the  apterous  varieties,  the  true  Thas- 
piums  of  this  group  are  but  scantily  represented  in  our  herbaria,  far  more 
so,  probably,  than  their  occurence  would  justify.  The  early  spring  and 
summer  flowers  and  fruits<  of  the  apterous  forms  have  probably  too  often 
satisfied  collectors  that  they  had  already  secured  good  material  of  forms 
which  only  appeared  in  collecting  condition  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 
Therefore  we  can  only  cite  such  range  as   our  material  indicates,  confident 


84 

at  the  same  time  that  it  cannot  ropiesont  the  whole  ran},'e.     For  example, 
thespeciefc  doubtless  occurs  in  Canada,  though  we  have  seen  no  specimens. 

'i.  T.  barbinode  Nutt.  1.  c.  Loosely  branched,  pubescent 
on  the  joints,  sometimes  puberulent  in  the  umbels:  leaves  1  to 
8-ternate;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  with  cuneate  base, 
coarsely  cut-serrate,  often  ternately  cleft  or  parted;  flowers  light 
yellow:  fruit  broadly  oblong,  about  8  lines  long  and  2  liner,  broad, 
with  mostly  7  ribs  prominently  winged,  the  other  3  not  at  all 
winged  or  but  slightly  so.      (Fig.  8(5.) 

Banks  of  streams,  Canada  and  New  York  to  Minnesota  and  southward. 
Fl.  May  and  June. 

Var.  angUStifolium  C.  &  R.  But.  Gazette,  xii.  137,  has 
smaller  and  narrower  more  sharply  cut  leaflets,  and  fruit  more  or 
less  puberulent. 

Pennsylvania  (W.  W.  Baileij),  Ohio  [SiilUrfdil],  Indiana  {Rose),  and 
Illinois  (Bebb). 

Var.  pinnatifidum.  Divisions  of  the  1  to  3-ternate  leaves 
inclined  to  be  pinnate;  leaflets  small,  more  or  less  laciniate-toothed 
with  blunt  teeth:  fruit  puberulent. —  7\  pinnaiijidiini  of  Chapman's 
Manual. 

Reported  only  from  Florida  (Chapman,  Ciirti.'iH). 

3.  T.  Walter!  Shuttlew.  Resembling  the  last,  but  puber- 
ulent on  branchlets,  umbels,  and  fruit,  with  fewer  lea\es:  leaves  1  to 
3-ternate;  leaflets  1  to  2-pinnatifid,  lobes  linear  or  oblong;  one  or 
two  leaves  near  the  base  often  \ei'y  large  and  long  petioled 
(petioles  sonietimes  a  foot  long);  flowers  light  yellow:  fruit 
oblong,  li^  to  2%  lines  long,  and  1  to  1 1^  lines  broad,  all  the  ribs 
winged,  generally  3  of  them  narrowly  so.  (Fig.  87.) — Zizia  fin- 
itatifida  Buckley.      7\  pinnatifiduin  of  Gray's  Manual,  ed.  4.  155. 

Barrens  and  mountains,  North  Carolina  (Rugel,  Buckley),  Tennessee 
{Buckteji),  and  Kentucky  (Short,  in  herb.  Durand). 

21.  LIGUSTICUM  Linn.  Gen.  n.  346.— Smooth  peren- 
nials from  large  aromatic  roots,  with  large  ternately  or  ternate- 
pinnately  compound  leaves,  mostly  no  involucre,  involucels  of  nar- 
row bractlets  (mostly  wanting  in  L.  Porlcri),  and  white  flowers 
in  larsre  manv-raved  umbels. 


85 

*  Lroi-i's  tcntaU'ly  dcro/i/po/iiu/,  ic////  broad  lea /lets  simp!  ,• 
/ooi/u'd  or  scriurtc :  seed- face  flanc :  eastern  species  (^f>r  hli^h  nort/i- 
erii). 

I.  L.  actasifolium  Mirhv.  I'l.  i.  I()().  Stem  stout,  bnmchcci 
al)o\  c,  LMo  (')  feet  liii^h,  le;if\-,  with  glabrous  inflorescence:  leaves 
large,  ;}  to  4-ternate;  leaflets  l)roaclly  oblong,  "l  to  T)  inches  long, 
coarsely  senate:  umbel  10  to  'iO-iayed,  with  iuvoluccls  of  few 
short  bractlets;  rays  (  fruiting  )  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  1  to  'i 
lines  long:  fruit  ovate,  2  to  ;}  lines  long,  with  ])r()niinent  somewhat 
winged  ribs:  oil-tubes  8  to  4  in  the  intervals,  (>  on  the  commissural 
side:  seed  slightly  flattened  dorsally,  with  angled  b;'.ck.  (Fig.  88.) 
Rich  ground,  S.  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky,  and  southward  to  tlie 
Gulf.     Fl.  .July  and  August. 

L'.  L.  Scoticum  L.  Spec.  250.  Stem  simple,  1  to  2  feet 
high,  somewhat  leafy,  with  glabrous  inflorescence:  leaves  biternate; 
leaflets  ovate,  1  to  2  inches  long,  coarsely  toothed:  umbel  8  to  15- 
ra3'ed,  with   involucels  of  several    linear    bractlets ;  rays  (fruiting) 

1  to  '-3  inches  long:  fniit  narrowlv  ol)long,  4  to  5  lines  long,  with 
prominent  somewhat  winged  ribs:  cjil-tubes  small,  2  or  3  in  th'e 
inter\als,  (')  cm  the  commissural  side:  seed  flattened  dorsally,  with 
with  round  back.      (  Fig.  89.  ) 

Salt  marshes,  along  the  east  and  west  coasts  of  British  America,  and 
extending  into  New  England  as  far  south  as Cohasset,  Mass.  {\VnUvr  Dei\n(ty, 
also  in  Alaska. 

*  *  T^cuvcs  tcriiate-p'niiiatcly  co/i/po/md^  with  Icajiets  iaciii- 
iate/v  toothed  or  piiuiatifid. 

f     Rocky  Mountain  species. 

•5.     L.   SCOpulorum  Gray,  Free.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  347.     Stout, 

2  to  3  feet  high,  more  or  less  leafy,  with  puberulent  inflorescence: 
lower  leaves  often  ver\  large,  twice  or  thrice  ternate,  then  once 
or  twice  pinnate;  segments  (often  small)  ovate,  laciniately  pin- 
natiMd;  upper  leaves  often  ternate-pinnate  or  simply  pinnately 
compound :  umbel  of  numeious  ra\s,  with  involucels  of  several 
narrowly  linear  elongated  bractlets;  rays  (  fruiting)  2  to  3  inches 
long;  pedicels  6  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  about  3  lines  long,  with 
somewhat  prominent  conical  stylopodium,  and  prominent  some- 
what winged  ribs:  oil-tubes  3  to  5  in  the  intervals,  6  to  8  on  the 
commissural  side:   seed   somewhat  dorsallv    flattened,  with  angled 


or  silicate  back,  and  face  with  a  broad    sliallow  concavity  and  cen- 
tral longitudinal   ridge.      (Fig.  90. ) 

Common  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and  extending  into  Utah 
(Ward),  N.  Arizona  {Palmer  176,  Lemmon  393,  Rushy  630),  and  New 
Mexico  (Bigelow,  Walcotf,  RuHby).  Fl.  June  to  August.  This  is  Hall  ct- 
Harbour  218. 

So  far  as  we  can  discover,  this  species  does  not  occur  outside  of  the 
Eocky  Mountains,  and  chiefly  in  Colorado,  even  the  range  widely  separat- 
ing it  from  L.  apiifoUum,  with  whi.'h  it  has  often  been  confused.  Certain 
Colorado  forms,  commonly  referred  to  this  species,  are  Conioselinum 
Canadense.  In  some  cases  the  fruit  is  necessary  to  distinguish  these 
species.  Collectors  should  carefully  note  whether  any  so-called  specimens 
of  L-  Hcopulorum  develop  fruit  with  lateral  wings. 

4.  L.  Porteri.  Rather  stout,  2  to  8  feet  high,  more  leafy, 
with  glabrous  or  puberulent  inflorescence:  leaves  large,  biternate 
then  bipinnate;  the  numerous  rather  crowded  segments  lanceolate 
to  lanceolate-ovate,  laciniately  pinnatifid,  toothed  or  entire:  umbel 
of  numerous  rays,  mostly  with  neither  involucre  nor  involucels; 
rays  (fruiting)  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  3  to  4  lines  long; 
flowers  white  or  pinkish:  fruit  (immature)  oblong-ovate,  2  lines 
long,  with  more  prominent  winged  ribs  than  in  other  species:  oil- 
tubes  4  to  6  in  the  intervals,  8  to  10  on  the  commissural  side:  seed 
somewhat  dorsally  flattened,  with  very  sharply  angled  back,  and 
face  with  a  broad  shallow  concavity  and  central  longi'tudinal  ridge. 

In  the  mountains  and  foothill*  of  Colorado,  Bear  Creek  {Vasey  223,  in 
1868),  headwater*  of  Platte  Eiver  {Coulter,  in  1873,  distribed  as  L.  apiifol- 
ium,  and  described  as  such  in  Fl.  Colorado);  Arizona  (Palmer  176,  in  1877), 
Huachuca  Mts  {Pringle,  in  1884,  distributed  as  L.  filicirmm);  New  Mexico, 
mountains  near  Las  Vegas  (G.  R.  Vasey,  in  1881,  distributed  as  L.  apiifnl- 
ium),  near  top  of  mesa,  Eaton  (Tracy  52,  in  1887)-     Fl.  June  and  July. 

This  is  also  the  Colorado  form  referred  doubtfully  to  L.  apiifolmm  by 
Brewer  &  Watson  in  Bot.  Calif,  i.  264.  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  this  species 
has  always  been  referred  to  L  apiifoUum  or  L.  filicinum,  two  species  with 
which  it  cannot  be  confounded,  and  has  never  been  referred  to  L  scopu- 
lorum,  to  which  it  is  most  nearly  allied.  It  differs  from  that  species  chiefly 
in  its  more  leafy  habit,  more  numerous  crowded  smaller  and  narrower  leaf- 
segments,  naked  often  glabrous  umbels,  more  ovate  fruit,  which  is  more 
prominently  wingei  than  in  any  other  species,  more  numerous  oil-tubes, 
and  seed  with  a  very  sharply  angled  back. 

5.  L.  Canbyi.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  leafy  at  base,  with 
a  small  cauline  leaf  or  two,  and  glabrous  inflorescence:  leaves 
large,  biternate;  leaflets  lanceolate,  3  to  4    inches  long,  pinnately 


87 

parted  below,  then  confluent,  finally  toothed  above,  the  larger  seg- 
ments more  or  less  laciniately  toothed:  umbel  of  numerous  rays, 
with  involucels  of  elongated  (half  inch  long)  linear  bractlets;  rays 
2  inches  long;  pedicels  5  or  6  lines  long;  fruit  ( immature)  with  long 
slender  conical  stylopodia  as  long  as  the  styles,  and  prominent 
winged  ribs:  oil-tubes  5  or  (S  in  the  intervals,  0  to  8  on  the  com- 
missural side:  seed  strongly  flattened  dorsally. 

Low  grounds,  near  headwaters  of  Jocko  Kiver,  Montana,  July  Ki,  lH8:i 
{Canhu  l'>o,  distributed  as  L.  »C()\ndorum,  var.  ?,  with  the  herbarium  note, 
"perhaps  a  sp.  nov.") 

The  foliage  of  this  species  is  very  different  from  that  of  any  other 
LiaustUum,  but  the  mature  fruit  is  needed  to  complete  the  description. 

<>.  L.  filicinum  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  140.  Stem 
1]4  to  8  feet  high,  mere  or  less  leafy,  with  glabrous  inflorescence: 
lower  leaves  often  very  large,  once  or  twice  ternate,  then  bipin- 
nate;the  narrow  segments  deeply  pinnatifid  to  entire:  umbel  of 
numerous  rays,  with  involucels  of  one  or  fev;  small  linear  bractlets; 
rays  (fruiting)  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  3  to  5  lines  long;  fruit 
narrowly  oblong,  8  to  3^2  lines  long,  with  somewhat  prominent 
conical  stylopodia,  and  prominent  somewhat  winged  ribs:  oil- 
tubes  3  to  5  in  the  intervals,  (5  to  8  on  the  commissural  side:  seed 
strongly  flattened  doryally,  with  angled  back,  and  face  slightly 
concave,  with  no  cer.tral  ridge. 

S.  Utah,  in  the  Wahsateh  and  Uintah  Mts.  {WtiLson  454.  Parry  82, 
JoncM  1170,  Tracy  ()8(i,  Hooker  it-  Gray),  northward  to  Wyoming  (Porr^/ 
121).  and  Yellowstone  Park  {Tweedy  5).     Fl.  July. 

In  Watsons  Repoit  on  Kirig'sExped.  this  wasrtfenedto  L.  apiifolium; 
and  in  Am.  Nat.  ix.  291,  it  was  referred  by  Parry  to  L.  f<copulortim.  It 
differs  from  both  of  these  species  chiefly  in  its  more-  dissected  foliage, 
larger  more  oblong  fruit,  more  dorsally  flattened  carpels,  and  the  absence 
of  any  central  ridge  upon  the  seed-face. 

7.  L.  tenuifolium  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiv.  293.  Stem 
slender,  1  to  2  feet  high,  naked  alxnc  the  base  or  with  a  single  leaf, 
bearing  1  to  3  glabrous  umbels:  leaves  small,  icrnate  then  pin- 
nately  decoinpound,  fineU  dissected  with  laciniateh'  (li\  ided  leaf- 
lets, the  ultimate  segments  linear  and  short:  umbel  few-rayed  ((3 
to  12),  with  involucels  of  1  or  2  narrovvly  linear  bractlets;  rays 
about  an  inch  long  ;  pedicels  2  to  3  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  1 1^  to 
2  lines  long,  with  narrow  ribs:  oi'.-tubes  3  to  5  in  the  intervals,  6 
to  8  on  the  commissural  side. 


88 

Mountains  of  Colorado  {Ilall  d-  Hiirbonr   21(>,  in  part,  Prnry,  Wolf  d- 

Holhrock   721);    Oregon,    Eagle    Creek    Mts.  (Cu.'iick  lO.")?).     FL  August. 

The  Hall  <.{•  Harbour  plant   was  distributed  as  Conioselinum  F^iKchcri. 

f  f     Pacific  species. 

8.  L.  apiifolium  Bcnth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  i.  912.  vStenis 
2  to  4  feet  high,  fe\v-lea\  ed  or  almost  naked,  puherulent  i;i  tlie 
inflorescence:  leaves  mostly  radical,  teruate  or  biternate,  then  once 
or  twice  pinnate;  the  segments  ovate,  lachiiately  pinnatifid  (^  to 
1]4  inches  long):  umbel  of  numerous  rays,  with  involucels  of 
several  narrowly  linear  elongated  bractlets;  rays  (fruiting)  about 
2  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long:  fruit  oval,  1  \A  to  2  lines 
long,  with  short  conical  stylopodia,  and  narrow  acute  ribs:  oil- 
tubes  8  to  5  in  the  intervals,  4  to  8  on  the  commissural  side:  seed 
with  round  back  and  more  or  less  deeply  concave  face,  and  a 
prominent  central  longitudinal  ridge.  (Fig.  91.) — Cynapiinn 
apiifoliiiin  Nutt.  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  641. 

Ch*iefly  in  the  mountains  ot  Oregon  (represented  in  older  collections  by 
Hall  207,  a!:d  recently  by  Howell  (i,  Henderson  158!),  Cusick  lOoS  and  lo'Jl, 
Kellogg  d-  Harford  oU);  and  extending  southward  into  California,  Yose- 
mite  YaWeyl Bolander),  Big  Tree  Eoad  and  Ebbett's  Pass  {Brewer),  Conner 
Lake  (Torrey),  Tsimal  Pass  (Bigelow),  Siskiyou  county  {Priiigle,  in  1882), 
etc.;  also  probably  in  British  Columbia  {Macoun),     Fl.  June. 

It  is  very  evident,  from  a  study  of  herbarium  specimens,  that  this 
species  has  been  much  misunderstood:  for  while  we  discover  any  number 
of  sheets  labelled  L.  apiifolium,  very  few  of  them  prove  to  be  that  species. 
The  small  oval  fruits,  smaller  than  in  any  other  species,  with  their  narrow 
ribs  and  reniform  seed-section,  easily  separate  it  from  other  species.  Its 
range,  apparently  limited  to  the  mountains  of  Oregon  and  N.  California, 
serves  well  to  separate  it  trora  the  Colorado  L.  Hcopulorum,  with  which  it 
has  been  confounded.  A  form  apparently  near  L.  apiifolium  was  collected 
by  Henderson  (no.  ir)S8)  at  Oswego,  (Oregon,  May,  1887,  and  by  Howell 
(no.  121)  near  "Waldo.  Oregon.  The  leaves  are  almost  entirely  wanting, 
but  the  fruit  is  somewhat  larger,  the  seed-face  more  deeply  sulcate,  and 
and  its  central  ridge  wanting  or  nearly  so. 

9.  L.  Grayi.  Stems  1  to  2  fe^t  high,  v/ith  leaves  all  uea:-ly 
radical,  and  glabrous  infloi-escence :  leaves  ternatc  then  pinnate  ; 
the  segments  o\ate,  laciniately  pinnatiHd:  umbel  of  numerous 
rays,  with  in\olucels  of  se\  end  nano\\l\-  linear  elongated  bract- 
lets;  rays  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines  long:  fruit  nar- 
rowly oblong,  2  to  2i^  lines  long,  Vv^ith  short  conical  stylopodia, 
and  narrow  prominent  almost   winged   ribs:  oil-tubes  8  to  T)  in  the 


so 

iiitcr\:tls,  S  on  the  coiiiinissural  side:  seed  stroiit^ly  lliitlciied 
dorsally,  with  angled  back,  and  face  but  slightly  concave,  with 
no  central  ridge.  (Fig.  02.)  -  L.  apiifolhim  var.  (  r )  wiinis  Gray; 
Rrcv/er  tK:  Watson,  Hot.  Calif,  i.  2()4  and  ii.  XTA. 

California,  Ostrandors  Meadows  {lidhtiidi'i),  Ebltott's  Pass  (lirtjim), 
Mts.  Sliasta  and  Stanford  {Hooker  A-  Oraij).  Donner  Lake  {Sonne),  Sierra 
county  (Lenunon\,  Plumas  county  {Mrn.  Aiislin);  Oregon,  Portland 
iHrndernon),  Willamette  Slough  iHotrell);  Washington  Toiritory,  Mt. 
Adams  (Henderson  37^.  SnkHdorf).     Fl.  June. 

Tho  specidi'  uanif  inimix  is  pi  coccupiiMl  \,y  Liiinsliriiin  luiinis  Lam. 

22.  OREOXIS  Rat.,  Seringe,  Indl.  Hot.  Soc.  Genev.  1880, 
214. —  An  alpnic  cespitose  glabrous  perennial,  with  pinnate  leaves 
inostly  shorter  than  the  pedeuncles,  no  inxolucrc,  and  inxolucels 
of  narrow  bracllets  equalling  the  3CII0W  flowers. 

The  corky-ribbed  rather  than  tiiin  7/inged  fruit,  as  well  as  the  well- 
developed  strengthening  cells,  are  characters  which  do  not  belong  to 
C'//"'0P'e''M«>  the  genus  to  which  this  form  has  been  referred.  Tlie  fruit 
bears  a  closer  resemblance  to  that  of  Apiinn  or  Cadoplennnn. 

1.  O.  humilis  Kaf.  1.  c.  Cespitose,  from  a  somewi^at  slen- 
der elongated  root:  leaves  pinnate,  the  leaflets  cut  into  8  to  7  linear- 
lanceolate  inucronate  segments:  peiluncles  I  to  -">  inches  high: 
umbels  few-rayed,  with  imolucels  of  linear  oi"  lanceolate  bractlets: 
fruit  globose,  2  lines  long,  with  T)  very  thick  and  prominent  (but 
not  winged)  carpel  ribs:  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  \  erv  nairow  ip.- 
tervals,  2  on  the  commissural  side,  and  a  small  one  in  each  dor- 
sal rib:  seed  sulcate  beneath  the  oil-tubes,  witii  face  somewhat  con- 
cave. (Fig.  08.) — Cyinoptcnis  alpinns  Gray,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  2. 
xxxiii.  408. 

High  mountRins  of  Colorado,  at  11,000  feet  altitude  and  uiiwards.  Fl. 
July  and  August. 

28.  -ICTIIL'SA  Linn.  Gen.  n.  8r)r).  Poisonous  annuals,  with 
2  to  8-ternate  then  pinnate  leaves  having  small  and  man\-cleft 
segments,  no  involucre,  inxolucels  of  long  narrow  bractlets,  and 
white  flowers. 

JB..  CvNAPU M  L.  is  a  fetid  poisonous  European  herb,  in 
cultivated  grounds,  from  New  ICngland  and  Peimsvlvania  to  Min- 
nesota.    (Fig.  94.)     Fl.  June  to  August. 


90 

2i.  CUtLOTLEURUM  Lcdcl^.  Fl.  Ross.  ii.  8Hl.— Stout 
glabrous  sea-coast  perennials  (somewhat  pubcrulent  in  the  inflores- 
cence), with  2  to  3-ternate  leaves  on  very  large  inflated  petioles, 
few-leaved  deciduous  involucre,  involucels  of  numerous  small 
linear-lanceolate  bractlets  (sometimes  conspicuous  or  even  like  the 
leaves),  and  greenish-white  flowers  in  many-rayed  umbels. 

This  genus  is  referred  to  Archungelica  bv  Bentham  &  Hooker,  which 
genus  we  have  included  under  Angelica^,  and  in  the  same  connection  restor- 
ed Cdilopleurum'^  to  generic  ranli.  It  differs  from  Angelica  in  the  fact  that 
all  the  ribs  are  verv  prominently  thick  and  corky,  and  that  the  laterals  are 
not  winged,  although  in  C.  maritimum  they  are  broader  than  the  dorsals. 
The  fruit  is  not  at  all  dorsally  flattened,  the  flattening  being  lateral,  if  any, 
as  in  Liguslioum.  The  seed  is  soon  loose  in  the  pericarp,  the  oil-tubes 
adhering  to  it.  This  fact,  taken  in  connection  with  the  vtry  characteristic 
ribs,  serves  to  distinguish  this  genus  from  any  Angelica,  to  which  genus  it 
is  nearly  allied  though  Cfclopleurum  maritimum  and  Angelica  pinnata. 

1.  C.  Gmelini  Ledeb.  1.  c.  Stem  1  to  8  feet  high:  leaflets 
ovate. (with  acute  or  obtuse  base),  acute,  irregularly  cut-serrate, 
2  to  2%  inches  long,  1  to  1^  inches  broad:  rays  1  to  1}4  inches 
long;  pedicels  8  to  4  lines  long:  fruit  globose  to  oblong,  2  to  3i^ 
lines  long,  with  ribs  all  nearly  equal,  and  seed-face  plane.  (Fig. 
95.) — Archaiigerica  Gmclijii  DC. 

Itocky  coasts,  Massachusetts  Bay  {Moroiig),  Isles  of  Shoals  ((Uutby), 
Shore  of  St.  Lawrence  {Priiigle),  coast  of  Gaspe  {3Iacoun),  Labrador 
(Allen,  Mann),  to  Greenland;  also  Vancouver  Island  {Macoun\,  Queen 
Charlotte  Islands  (Daicson),  to  Alaska  iRothrork,  Ifitrriiuilon  d-  While); 
besides  reported  stations  of  the  earlier  collectors. 

This  species  very  likely  occurs  on  the  coast  of  Washington  Territory 
and  Oregon,  but  we  have  as  yet  seen  no  si)ecimens.  So  far  as  known  it  is 
not  found  in  the  interior,  the  so-called  Archaitgelica  (imrlini  of  the  Eocky 
Mountains  (so  far  as  seen)  being  Selinum  <,'ruyi.  The  plant  from  "Alpine 
legion  of  White  Mts.  {()alie»),"  in  the  Gray  and  Torrey  herbaria,  is  probably 
something  else,  but  the  specimens  are  much  too  young  to  determine. 
l-fdU  d- Harl)uur  21'.)  h-oui  the  Colorado  mountains,  and  IV'a /.son  459  from 
the  Uintas  are  the  same,  and  have  been  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species, 
but  in  the  absence  ot  fruit  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the  relationship, 
and  the  range  is  presumptive  evidence  against  this  reference.  They  may 
as  well  hi;  aome  Angelica.  Arciiangelica  pcregrina  Nult.,  (juotedby  Tor»ey 
&  Gray  as  a  synonym  of  Archaitgelica  Ci'melini  DC  .  is  Angelica  genujle.va 
Nutt.  In  Pringle's  distribution  from  Temi.scouata,  Canada  (rocky  shore  ot 
thi?  St.  Lawrence),  the  sh*>ot  in  J.  Donnell  Smith's  herbarium  contains  de- 


00.    7  L.  c.  p.  (;•_'. 


tarliod  fniil.s  wliicli  (if  thfv  Ix'loii^'  to  tlii.s  spoci.'s)  iui;  l.ni;,'..r  lliiui  any 
known,  boin«  .">  lines  long.  Certain  Alaskan  forniH  refoMed  to  this  spoci^-s 
show  a  remarkable  devcdopnient  of  involueels.  the  bractlets  being  ovate, 
very  long  acuminate,  and  6ev<>ral  times  longei-  than  lii»' head.  Th<-re  has 
been  considerable  mixing  of  this  species  with  Liuii^lim m  Sr,,ii<-,nii  In  lier- 
liaria. 

;i.  C.  maritimum  C.  .\:  K.  Hot.  (in/.cttr,  xiii.  U,").  Sterns 
'l  to  8  feet  high:  leaflets  broad,  often  round,  usually  Vvith  cordate 
base,  very  obtuse,  dentate  or  crenate-dentate,  2y,  to  8  inches  long, 
2i/<  inches  broad:  rays  2  to  8  Inches  long;  pedicels  (5  to  7  lines 
long:  fruit  oblong,  8  to  81.3'  lines  long,  with  lateral  ribs  broader 
than  the  others,  and  seed-face  concave.      (  Fig.  VH).) 

Washington  Territory,  wet  oeean  bluffs.  Long  Beach,  Ihvaco,  .July  24, 
ISSti  (/y.  F.  Hriidrrsini  :;S4),  Astoria  {('onper). 

25.  OROGEMA  Watson,  King's  Rep.  v.  120,  t.  15.- 
Dwarf,  glabrous,  nearly  acaulcsceiit  plants,  from  tuberous  or  fusi- 
form roots  (underground  part  of  the  stem  sheathed  with  large 
scarious  bracts),  with  ternatc  leaves  and  linear  segments,  no  invol- 
ucre, involucels  of  few  linear  bractlets,  and  white  flowers  in  sub- 
compound  umbels  with  very  unequal  ra\  s. 

This  very  peculiar  and  distinct  genus  is  like  Erigenia  in  habit  and 
time  of  blooming,  as  is  said  in  the  original  description,  but  it  is  far  removed 
from  It  in  fruit  structure. 

1.  O.  linearifolia  Watson,  1.  c.  Stem  (or  scape)  slender, 
rising  1  to  2  inches  above  ground  from  a  deep-seated  round  tuber: 
leaves  2  or  8,  once  or  twice  ternate,  upon  slender  petioles;  leaflets 
entire,  1  to  2  inches  long,  1  to  8  lines  wide,  obtuse:  umbels  2  to 
4-rayed,  with  nearly  sessile  flowers:  fruit  1 1^^  to  2  lines  long, 
lateral  ribs  and  commissural  projection  much  m(^re  strongly  devel- 
oped than  in  the  next.     (Fig.  97. ) 

Utah,  in  the  Wahsatch  (Watxoti,  JoneH);  Idaho  (Wilcux);  Oregon 
(CuHick);  and  Washnigton  Territory  (SukfxJorf).     Fl.  in  eaily  spring. 

2.  O.  fusiformis  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  474. 
Stouter,  8  to  6  inches  above  ground,  from  a  long  fusiform  root: 
leaves  more  compounded,  2  or  8-ternate,  with  terminal  leaflets 
often  8-parted;  leaflets  an  inch  or  less  long:  umbels  (J  to  lO-rayed; 
rays  longer:  fruit  about  8  lines  long,  1  j^  lines  broad,  lateral  ribs 
and  commissural  projection  smaller.     (Fig.  {)H.) 

California,  Plumas  county  (Mrn.  R.  M.  AttMtin),  Nevada  county  (f.  F. 
Sonne).     Fl.  in  early  spring. 


{)2 

\av.  Leibergi.  A  taller,  more  slender  form,  a  footer  more 
high,  with  petioles  correspondingly  elongated. 

Sandhills  in  the  BiLteroot  Mountains,  Idaho,  June,  1887  ('/.  B.  Leiherg)' 
This  is  not  only  a  much  taller   plant  than  the   species,  but  it  blooms 
considerably  later,  and  mature  fruit  may  reveal  speeifie  characters. 

2().  CRANTZIA  Xutt.  (jjnera,  i.  178.— .Small  glabrous 
perennials,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  leaves  reduced 
to  hollow  cvlindrical  or  awl-shaped  petioles  (jointed  by  transverse 
partitions),  minute  involucral  bracts,  and  simple  few-flowered 
umbels  of  white  flowers. 

1.  C-  lineata  Nutl.  1.  c.  Leaves  very  obtuse,  1  to  3  inches 
long  (sometimes  nearly  a  foot),  1  to  2  lines  broad :  fruit  a  line 
long,  the  thick  lateral  wings  forming  a  corky  margin.     (Fig.  99). 

In  brackish  marshes  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Massachusetts  to 
Mississippi;  on  the  Pacific  coast,  Oregon  {Hall  20.'i.  Meehan),  Washington 
Territory  (//p/(f^'c.so/t  40:51,  Puget  Sound  ( inVA-e-s"  £'.17)^^7. ),  Vancouver  Is- 
land uVocoh/o;  also  from  Santa,  Ciuz   Valley,  Arizona  (Pr/Hgr/e,  Lemwon). 

The  Arizona  specimens  arc  somewhat  peculiar,  Pringle"s  having  un- 
usually elongated  filiform  leaves,  and  Lemmon's  having  leaves  of  ordinary 
width,  hut  in  f.ome  casos  n  inches  to  a  foot  long. 

27.  CEXANTIIE  Linn.  Gen.  n.  352.  —  Mostly  aquatic  gla- 
brous herbs,  with  succulent  stems,  pinnate  or  decompound  leaves, 
and  usualh'  involucrate  umbels  of  white  flowers. 

L  CE.  sarmentosa  Lresl.  DC.  Prodr.  i\-.  188.  Succulent 
stems  2  to  5  feet  high:  leaves  ternate  and  bipinnatc;  leaflets  ovate, 
acuminate,  toothed,  often  lobed  at  base,  ()  to  12  lines  long:  umbels 
many-rayed,  with  involucre  of  a  few  linear  bracts  or  none,  and  in- 
volucels  of  similar  more  numerous  bractlets;  rays  an  inch  long  or 
less;  pedicels  numerous,  short:  fruit  about  2  lines  long,  with  com- 
missural face  (as  well  as  ribs)  very  corky.      (  Fig.  100.) 

California  {Lemmon),  through  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  to 
British  Columbia  {Meehan.  Maco%m).     Fl.  June  to  August. 

\'ar.  Californica.  With  usually  larger  more  :^.pproximate 
acute  or  acutlsh  leaflets.  -  ffi".  Californica  Watson,  Proc,  Am. 
Acad.  xi.  189. 

With  the  last  in  the  southern  part  of  its  range,  but  extending  south- 
ward in  California  to  San  Diego  county. 

We  can  discover  no  good  specific  chaiactersin  (.F4.  Californica  Watson. 


0:{ 

JLs  langc  o\orla|i.s  with  lliiit  i>f  f/v.  >!ti niiciiloHii,  while  tiic  leaf  oliaiaolors 
depended  upon  to  distinguisli  it  are  not  constant,  but  show  cv*'!}-  gradation 
to  the  leaf  characters  of  that  species. 

•is.  CVXOSCIADII'I.I  DC.  Mem.  rinl)c-l.  44.  (ilahrous 
annuals,  with  pinnatcly  (li\itleil  caulinc  leaves  (leaflets  linear), 
mostly  undisi'lcd  lower  and  ladical  lea\  es,  involucre  and  invol- 
ucels  of  linear  luacts,  and  white  (lowers. 

1.  C.  digitatum  DC.  1.  c.  Slender,  1  to  2  feet  hig^h:  radi- 
cal leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire;  caulinc  leaves  palmatcly  3  to 
r)-parted:  umbels  irregular,  mostly  ){  to  8-rayed;  rays  about  an 
inch  long;  pedicels  ver\'  une(|ual,  '4  to  1(1  lines  long:  fruit  a  line 
long,  contracted  into  a  neck  at  summit,  with  very  prominent  ribs 
and  minute  calvx-teeth.     (I'ig.  101.) 

Wot  ground.  Arkansas.   Alahania,  Louisiana,  and  Texas      Fl   May  and 
June. 

~.  C.  pinnatum  DC.  1.  c.  Smaller:  cauline  leaves  pinnately 
divided  into  few  distant  segments,  terminal  one  much  the  largest; 
radical  leaves  similar  or  often  entire:  umbels  5  to  l(.)-rayed;  rays  J/4 
to  1  inch  long;  pedicels  1  to  4  lines  long:  fruit  li^  lines  long,  not 
beaked  at  summit,  with  less  prominent  ribs  and  very  j^rominent 
calyx-teeth.'    (Fig.  102.) 

Wet  ground,  Arkansas,  Indian  Territory,  and  Texas.     Fl.  April. 

Quite  variable  in  size,  often  becoming  very  low  and  passing  into 

Var.  pumilum  Engfdm.  tK:   Gray,   PI.   Lindh.   10,   which  is  a 
cespitose  form. 
Texas. 

2U.  ERYNGIUM  Linn.  Gen.  n.  824.— Glabrous  peren- 
nials, with  leaves  mostly  rigid,  coriaceous,  spinosely  toothed  or 
divided,  and  white  or  blue  flowers  sessile  in  dense  bracteate  heads. 

The  outer  bracts  form  the  involucre,  the  inner  ones,  bractlets^ 
intermixed  with  the  flowers,  represent  the  involucels.      (Fig.  1(^8.) 

*  Stoxt^  xv/'t/i  fia  rail  el -veined  elongated  linear  coriaceous 
leaves^  iL'hic/i  arc  mostly  entire  or  ~L'it1i  niaroiti  sparingly  bristly: 
extending-  north  ward. 

1.  E.  yuccaefolium  Michx,  Fl.  i.  104.  From  1  to  (i  feet 
high,  branching  alcove:  leaves  broadly  linear  (from  2  lines  to  over 
an  inch  wide),  tapering  to  a  point,   with   remotely   bristly  margins. 


94 

the  lower  ones  sometimes  hecoiniii;^  2  or  '■'>  feet  lon<j;-:  heads  pedun- 
culate, ovate-globose  ( i)  lines  long),  with  ox  a'.e-lanceolate  mostly 
entire  cuspidate-tipped  bracts  shorter  th;.n  the  head,  and  similar 
bractlets:  fruit  scaly,  about  a  line  long,  with  short  o\ate  calyx- 
lobes,  and  long  rigid  styles. — £.  aqiiatinon  Linn.,  in  part. 

Dry  or  damp  soil,  from  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  and  vrestward  In  Min- 
nesota, Missouri,  and  Texas.     Fl.  July  to  September. 

Exceedingly  variable  in  lieiglit  and  size  of  leaves. 

Var.  synchaetum  (jra}'  in  herb.  vSmaller,  with  leaves  more 
bristly  margined,  and  bristles  in  clusters  of  2  to  4. 

Florida  (C/(a/j //Iff I),  Curli».s.  Paimrv).  Louisiana,  near  New  Orleans 
(7)/-.  Ingullx,  in  1S35"). 

2.  E.  longifolium  Cav.  Ann.  ii.  188.  .Stem  dichotomously 
branching:  radical  leaves  (sometimes  8  or  4  feet  long)  parallel- 
veined,  linear,  tapering  to  a  point,  entire  or  rarely  with  1  or  2 
bristle-teeth;  stem  leaves  similar  but  shorter:  heads  oval,  with 
much  shorter  linear-lanceolate  bracts  and  similar  bractlets. 

A  Mexican  species,  collected  in  this  country  only  by  Wright,  in  1S51, 
at  "Las  Playas  Springs,  near  the  Sierra  de  los  Animos,"  New  Mexico, 
October. 

The  original  description  calls  for  retlexed  bracts,  but  Wright's  speci- 
mens show  no  such  character. 

*  *  Tall  and  often  stout:  leaves  thick,  linear  to  oblongs  on 
long Jistiilous  petioles,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed  i^not  spiny): 
chiefly  southern. 

8,  E.  Virginianum  Lam.  Diet.  iv.  759.  Slender,  1  to  3 
feet  high,  branciiing  above:  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  linear 
to  oblong-lanceolate  (petioles  sometimes  a  foot  long),  entire  or 
with  remote  small  hooked  teeth;  upper  cauline  leaves  sessile, 
spiny-toothed  or  laciniate:  heads  ovate-oblong  (6  lines  long),  with 
lanceolate  spiny-toothed  or  entire  reflexed  bracts  mostly  as  long  as 
the  head,  and  bractlets  with  3  spiny  cusps,  the  middle  one  largest: 
fruit  scaly,  with  prominent  lanceolate  acuminate-cuspidate  calyx- 
lobes  equally  or  exceeding  the  bractlets. 

Wet  places,  margins  of  ponds  and  streams,  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Fl.  August  and  September  in  the  north,  June  and  July  in  the 
south. 

Mr.  Canby  sends  specimens  from  Delaware  with  bracts  longer  than  the 
heads,  but  in  every  other  respect  they  conform  to  the  species. 


95 

4.  E.  Mettaueri  Wood,  Cl.-IJook,  87U.  Stem  erect,  sim- 
ple, 4  to  f)  feet  high,  branching  at  top:  stem  leaves  linear  to  linear- 
I'.inceolate,  entire  or  sparingly  spinose  toothed  at  base,  the  lower 
linear  (sometimes  1  to  2  feet  long),  on  very  long  jointed  petioles: 
heads  ovate-oblong  (6  liijes  long),  with  numerous  reflexed  linear- 
lanceolate  spinose-tipped  and  toothed  bracts  (whitish  within  and 
greenish  without)  larger  than  the  heads,  and  bractlets  lanceolate, 
with  3  strong  and  equal  spiny  cusps  {^w-,  \\\  Ji.  Rave?icllii'):  hmt 
about  a  line  long,  with  ovate  acute  cahx-teeth,  and  long  stout 
rigid  styles, 

III  marshes  and  wet  placfs,  Florida,  Newport  (J/c/^nu'r).  Fl.  Auguf-t 
and  September. 

Most  of  the  herbarium  material  labeled  H.  Mellitufri  is  E.  Floridarium. 
This  species  is  intermediate  between  E.  Vir(iiniunnm  and  E.  liavpvellii, 
but  stouter  than  either,  having  the  bractlets  of  the  latter  and  leaves  of 
intermediate  character. 

5.  E.  Ravenelli  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.  209.  vSlender,  from  1  >^ 
to  8  feet  high,  branching  above:  leaves  linear,  elongated,  nearly 
terete  (conduplicate),  obscurely  denticulate,  the  lower  ones  fro:n 
12  to  18  inches  long:  heads  as  in  the  former  species,  with  lanceo- 
late spiny-toothed  or  entire  reflexetl  bracts  as  long  as  the  head, 
and  bractlets  with  8  strong  and  ec[ual  spiny  cusps:  fruit  with 
short  muci'onulate  cahx-lobcs,  and  long  rigiil  styles. 

Wet  pine  barrens,  South  Carolina,  St.  John'y  Parish  {.liar  en  el);  Florida, 
Apalachieola  ((7(«/>ii((M(),  St.  Marks'  iRiKjtl),  TanqyA  Bay  (Lrorcnwor I h). 
Fl.  September  and  October. 

Chapmans  Florida  specimens  are  those  from  which  he  described  the 
E.  Virfiinidiuim  of  his  Manual,  of  course  moie  or  less  modilied  by  pub- 
lished descriptions.  The  narrow  conduplicate  nearly  entire  leaves,  the 
bractlets  with  :]  strong  and  ci|ual  spiny  cusps,  and  the  short-mucronate 
calyx-lobes,  siiould  seive  w(>li  to  (lislinguisli  this  species  from  E.  Vinjiv- 
iini  II  III . 

<>.  E.  praealtum  (iray,  PI.  Lii.dh.  '.'10.  Stout,  4  l.)  ()  feet 
high,  bianciiing  al)()\e:  radical  IcaM's  ikhidw  1\  olilong  (not  ui^iike 
those  of  a  Rumcx),  with  strong  niidrili,  often  2  feet  or  more  long 
including  the  long  petioles,  entire  or  npand;  >tem-lea\  e>^  lanceo- 
late, veiny,  serrate,  tapering  at  both  ends;  lloi.tl  Icaxcs  similar  to 
the  bracts,  which  arc  lincar-lanccohile,  spjiiulose-dcntate  oi' incised, 
2  or  :Mimes  longer  than  the  ovate  oblong  head  (»)  lines  long); 
bractlets  with  ;{  spin\'  cusps,  ibe  middle  one  sonu-w  hat  the  largest: 


96 

fruit  with  lanceolate  acuniinate-cui-pidatc    calvx-lobcs  shorter  than 
the  bracLiets. — E.   Virginianum   Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  005,  in  part. 
In  tide  swamps,  N.  Carolina  to  Georgia.     Fl.  August. 

7.  E.  Floridanum  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xiii.  140.  Erect, 
2  to  8  feet  high:  lower  leaves  narrowly  oblong  (1  to  4  inches 
long),  mostly  entire,  on  long  jointed  petioles  (sometimes  a  foot 
long);  upper  ones  becoming  sessile,  elongated-linear,  usually 
remotely  serrulate:  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  rigid,  sharp-pointed, 
entire  or  spiny-toothed,  reflexed,  longer  tlian  the  subglobose  heads; 
bractlets  linear,  rigid,  entire,  tapering  to  a  pungent  tip,  much 
longer  than  the  flowers:  fruit  with  short  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes 
and  very  long  rigid  styles. 

Brackish  marshes,  Florida  (r'M/-//.s.s).  Distributed  as  E.  praui  I  turn  and 
E  Mettaueri. 

This  is  the  only  species  of  the  group  that  has  entire  bractlets.  Most 
of  the  herbarium  specimens  labelled  E.  Mettaueri  are  this  species,  which 
can  be  easily  separated  from  the  former  by  its  entire  bractlets. 

*  *  *  Weaker:  leaves  tJiiii^  toothed  to  laciniate  i sometimes 
spinoseJy  tipped):  zvestern  species  [exeept  E.  virgatuni^ 

8.  E.  virgatum  Lam.  Diet.  iv.  757.  Erect,  1  to  8  feet  high, 
branching  above:  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  often  subcordate, 
on  short  petioles;  loy/er  one  entire  or  crenately  toothed;  upper  ones 
becoming  sharply  serrate  or  e^•en  laciniately  toothed:  bracts  linear 
and  entire  or  with  a  few  bristly  teeth,  longer  than  the  subglobose 
heads;  bractlets  equally  8-cuspidatc,  little  longer  than  the  flowers: 
fruit  with  lanceolate  acuminate  cal\x-lol:)es  and  long  rigid  styles. 

Damp  pine  barrens,  from  N.  Carolina  to  Florida,  and  westward  to 
Louisiana  and  Texas, 

Certain  Louisiana  specimens  become  nai-rower-leaved  than  the  type, 
and  merge  gradually  into  the  extreme  foiin, 

^'ar.  Ludovicianum  Alorong  in  litt.,  which  has  linear-lan- 
ceolate or  even  linear  leaves, — E.  L//dovicia?nim  jVIorong,  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  xiv.  51. 

Barrens  of  Louisiana  i  Ldiujlois.  etc  )  and  Texas  (  Wriffht,  Xeally). 

9.  E,  armatum  C,  cK:  R.  Bot.  (iazette,  xiii,  141.  Diffuse, 
branching  tiiroughout,  a  foot  or  so  high  (sometimes  quite  tall): 
radical  leaves  oblanceolatc  (sometime  broadly  so),  from  serrate  to 
spinose-dentatc  or  incised,  attenuate   into  a  short  more  or  less  mar- 


97 

giiied  petiole;  stciii-lcavcs  iiarrovvor  and  sessile:  heads  pediincled' 
globose  (about  ()  lines  in  diaiietei),  with  involucre  of  triangulai- 
lanceolate  (broader  at  base)  entire  rigid  tliick-niargined  bracts 
(  soiiietiines  an  inch  long)  nuich  longer  than  the  head ;  bractlets 
the  same  and  full}-  as  jironiinent:  fruit  with  lanceolate  acuminate 
calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  short  styles.  H.  pctiolatitm  var. 
arniatinn  Watson,  Hot.  Calif,  i.  255. 

Californlii,  from  San  Die^'o  {Ormll).  Kan  Luis  Obispo  {Pahiur  I.").'),  in 
l)!irLi,  tlu'ough  tlie  central  part  of  tlie  state  uuiniorous  collectors)  to  Hum- 
boldt (Ki'loiiu  A-  Harford  1142)  and  Butte  counties  iJ/c.s.  Ji.  M.  Au>ili,i). 

Distributed  by  Oreutt,  Pringle,  and  Mrs.  .\ustin  as  K-  peliofufuni. 
Hook.,  from  wliieli  it  differs  in  its  diffuse  branching  habit,  short  petioled 
radical  loaves,  broad  eiitiie  rigid  bracts  and  bractlets,  all  similar  and  con- 
spicuously longer  than  the  head,  and  short  styles. 

10.  E.  Vaseyi  C.  A:  K.  Hot.  Gazette,  xiii.  142.  Stems  a 
foot  or  less  high  (sometimes  reduced  to  2  or  3  inches),  several 
from  a  common  root  and  branching  above:  leaves  oblanceolate, 
unequally  spinulose-serrate,  attenuate  below:  involucre  of  narrow 
thick  and  rigid  spinose  and  spiny-toothed  bracts  (sometimes  an 
inch  long)  much  longer  than  the  head;  bractlets  the  sair.e:  fiuit 
uith  lanceolate  acimiiiiatc-cuspidate  calyx-lobes  longer  than  the 
short  styles. 

In  wet  ground.  California,  San  Antonio  Kiver,  July.  ISSO  (/.'.  J\.  Vaxtif 
•>22,  d'isUihutod  as  K,  ficlioUiluiii),  near  Chico,  Butte  rouniy  i.Mr><.  1{.  M. 
Austin),  near  Merced.  Merced  county  {RcdJieUl  2477).  near  Mt.  ShasUi 
( F.  H.  Miller,  ill  188(i);  S.  W.  Oregon,  near  Medford  {Ifowrll.  a  much  re- 
duced form),  also  by  the  Wilkes"  Expedition. 

This  spex^-ies  is  remarkable  for  its  iiairow  very  spiny  bracts  and  bract- 
lets (often  blue),  much  more  rigid  than  in  hj.  (irnialitni,  and  spiny  toothed. 
The  calyx-lobes  also  have  str()ng(>r  cuspidate  tips  than  in  that  species. 

11.  E.  petiolatum  Ib-uk.  Fl.  r,.M-.-Ain.  i.  2r)i».  i:rect,  l 
to  5  feet  high,  l)ranching  abox  c  (  oi'  fiom  the  base  in  low  forms): 
radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  spinosely  and  unequally  serrate,  attenu- 
ate in  an  elongated  fistulous  petiole  (submerged  leaves  only  of  the 
terete  jointed  petiole);  stem  ka\cs  mostly  sessile:  heads  peduncled, 
globose  (C  lines  in  diameter  ),  with  involucre  of  linear-lanceolate 
spinosoly-tipped  and  toothed  bracts  (sometimes  an  inch  long)  longer 
than  the  head  :  bractlets  lanceolate,  cuspidate-tipped,  but  little  longer 
than    the   flowers,   scarious-winacd   bi-luw :    fruit   with   lahx-lobcs 


98 

resembling;  the  bractletsj  but  smaller,  muGh  shorter  than  the  long 
styles. 

Mostly  ill  iiiarshos;  tluoughout  Calilornhi  {O'recne,  Lctumon  108,  (,'.  /i". 
\'aneif  223  and  distributed  as  var.  armalum.  Cleveland,  etc.) 

The  species  varies  greatly  in  size,  and  in  drier  places  it  passes  into  the 
dwarfed 

\'ar.  minimum,  which  is  but  1  to  8  inches  high,  with  all 
parts  correspond! ngl\-  reduced,  and  bracts  about  as  long  as  the 
heads. 

Donner  Lake  (  C.  F.  Sonne). 

12.  E.  discolor  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  xviii.  193.  Stem 
erect,  slender,  1  to  2  feet  high,  bearing  a  single  head  (rarely 
more):  radical  leaves  on  veiv  long  petioles,  oblong  to  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  thin,  slightly  crenate;  stem  leaves  few,  sessile,  linear- 
lanceolate,  acutely  or  spinosely-toothed :  head  ovate-oblong  (about 
f>  lines  long),  with  involucre  of  numerous  linear-lanceolate  spinose- 
tipped  bracts  (white  within  and  green  without)  longer  than  the 
heads  and  entire  or  sparingly  spinose-toothed ;  bractlets  narrow, 
with  a  long  spinose  acumination:  fruit  with  ovate  abruptly  cuspi- 
date-tipped calyx-lobes  and  long  slender  styles. 

Growing  in  water,  at  Cienega,  Huachuca  Mts.,  S.  Arizona  {Lenunon,  in 
1882);  also  in  S.  W.  Chihuahua,  Mexico  {Pahner  :>i)7).  Fl.  August  to 
November. 

*  *  *  *  Simple  to  diffuse :  leaves  coriaceous.,  lohed  or  farted., 
spinosely  tipped :  soiitherti  (except  the  first  two  species). 

13.  E.  articulatum  Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  vi.  232.  Erect, 
a  foot  or  so  high  (rarely  prostate),  more  or  less  branching  through- 
out: radical  and  lower  stem  leaves  reduced  to  very  long  (some- 
times a  foot  long)  jointed  petioles  with  or  without  a  small  lanceo- 
late blade  (from  entire  to  laciniately  toothed) ;  upper  stem  leaves 
sessile:  involucre  (^f  linear  cuspidate-tipped  and  spiny-toothed 
bracts  (  about  6  lines  long)  much  longer  than  the  heads;  bractlets 
tricuspidatc,  the  middle  one  much  the  largest,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  flowers:  fruit  with  lanceolate  cuspidate-acuminate  calyx-lobes 
hardly  longer  than  the  styles. — E.  petiolatum  var,  Jtincifolium 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  385. 

Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  California,  San  Simeon  {M.  K.  Curruii), 
Plumas  county  (.V/.s.  /»'.  .v.  Austin);    Oregon   (Xnllitll,    Hall  200,  Howell, 


Ihinhr.^on};   Wasliiiigloii    Tcniloiy,    l-'.ikoii    Vall.-y    [Sk l.s,lnr_h,    SiM.kim.- 
Kivor  iihyii-  .">s:;,  in  part);  Idaho.  O'l-ur  UAlciio  {(ii-i/rr  .">f<:5,  in  paiL). 

Numerous  very  iiuniaturo  spociinenH  ol"  this  spoci«!S  aro  found  in  lier- 
baria,  in  which  tiie  biacts  simmu  \my  inominciit.  I.iit  it  is  simply  oAvin;,'  fo 
the  immaturity  of  the  heads. 

\'ar.  microcephalum.  A  small  slciulcr  form,  with  sh<.rl 
ovate  ncuniiiiatc  bracts  (with  somewhat  spiiuilost.-  maiLjins )  but 
little  longer  than  the  \cr\  small  heads  ( *i  or  :'>  lines  in  diameter), 
and  calyx-lobes  short-imicroiiate. 

Plumas  eounty,  California.  ls7S(.ir/M.   /,'.  M.  Aiislh,). 

The  braets  have  a  liluisli  lint. 

14.  E.  Harknessii  Curran,  Hull.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  158.  Like 
the  preceiling,  but  much  simpler  and  taller,  about  2  feet  high;  with 
much  larger  ovate-oblong  heads  (half  inch  or  more  long)  exceed- 
ing the  bracts;  the  proniinent  bractlets  blue. 

California,  Suisan  Marsh.  August  {Holandt  r,  in  isC.  1,  fturh-itcus,  in 
1883),  shores  of  Goose  Lake,  September,  l^S-t  (in  herb.  Martindale,  labeled 
E.  pet  tola  In  III);  also  probably,  Washington  Territory,  Spokane  Rivv*-r 
(Cooper):  also  collected  by  Xeirhmn  in  Survey  ot  California  and  Oregon, 
with  neither  station  nor  date. 

15.  E.  aromaticum  lialdwin;  Elliott,  i.  ;U4.  Stems  de- 
cumbent or  erect,  several  from  one  root,  simple  to  near  the  sum- 
mit, very  leafy,  1  to  2  feet  high:  leaves  pinnately  parted,  with 
entire  segments  and  cartilaginous  margins;  the  3  upper  segments 
remote  and  broader,  cuspidate;  the  lower  ones  scattered  and  seta- 
ceous: heads  globose  (about  o  lines  long),  with  involucre  of  3-cleft 
bracts  longer  than  the  head,  and  8-toothed  bractlets:  fruit  tuber- 
culate,  half  a  line  long,  with  setaceous  calyx-teeth  a  line  long,  and 
long  styles:  oil-tubes  large,  3  dorsal  and  2  commissural:  seed  flat- 
tened dorsally,  with  plane  face.     (Fig.  108.) 

Dry  pine  barrens,  Florida;  also  near  Ft.  King,  Alabama  i/.'.  Ahle.t,  in 
1H3S).     Fl.  August  and  September. 

H).  E.  fCEtidum  L.  Spec.  232,  in  part.  A  foot  or  more 
high  (said  to  be  heavy-scented),  branching  above:  radical  leaves 
oblong,  spinulose-serrate;  upper  leaves  sessile,  paimately  cleft  with 
segments  more  or  less  cuspidate-toothed:  heads  oblong  (about 
8  or  4  lines  long),  sessile,  with  involucre  of  large  leaf-like  bracts 
many  times  longer  than  the  head,  deeply  palmatcly  j^arteil  into 
lanceolate    more     or    less    spinosely-tofttheil    segments;     bractlets 


!()(» 

small,  entile,  (>\  ate,   cuspidate-tipped:  fruit  with  small  ovate  cahx- 
lohes. 

A  West  Indian  speeies,  I'ound  in  dry  fK-ld.s  in  Florida  by  Micliaux.  and 
not  (ollofted  since.     Said  by  Pursli  to  occur  in  Georgia  and  Florida. 

17.  E.  Hookeri  Vv'alp.  Rep.  11.  88*J.  Stem  erect,  branch- 
ing ab()\e',  a  foot  or  two  high:  radical  leaves  petioled,  somewhat 
dentate;  lov/er  stem  leaves  almost  sessile,  lanceolate,  laciniatelv- 
toothcd  and  spinulose,  with  a  pair  of  small  laciniate  segments  at 
base;  npper  leaves  palmately  5  to  7-parted,  with  narrow  i^innatifid- 
laciniate  spinose-tipped  segments:  heads  ovate-oblong  (4  to  G  lines 
long),  with  involucre  of  numerous  narrov/h-  lanceolate  spiny- 
toothed  bracts  longer  than  the  head:  bractlets  lanceolate,  entire, 
spiny  at  tip,  the  terminal  ones  leafy  and  crowning  the  head:  fruit 
scaly,  half  a  Ihie  long,  with  ovate  spiny-tipped  calyx-lobes,  and 
short  styles. — E.  coronatnm  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  604. 

Low  grounds,  Texas,  on  the  Brazos  {Drninmond,  Lhulheimcr,  Wright). 
Matagorda  county  (7?  f/.  Bechdolt),  near  Houston  {Joor).  and  neat  Dal- 
las {Revprchoii). 

IS.  E.  Leavenworthii  Torr.  cK:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  004.  Stout,  1 
to  8  feet  high,  branching  above:  lowest  stem  leaves  broadly  oblan- 
ceolate,  spinosely-toothed,  gradually  becoming  more  or  less  pal- 
mately parted  above  to  the  ordinary  stem-leavers  which  are  sessile 
and  deeply  palmately-parted  into  narrow  incisely-pinnatifid  spread- 
ing pungent  segments:  heads  pedunculate,  ovate-oblong  (1  to  lj4 
inches  long ),  with  involucre  of  incisely-pinnatifid  spinose  bracts 
about  as  long  as  the  head;  bractlets  narrow,  3  to  7-cuspidate,  the 
terminal  ones  very  prominent,  resembling  the  bracts,  and  crown- 
ing the  head:  fruit  a  line  long,  with  oblong  pinnatifid  3  to  o-cus- 
pidate  calyx-lobes,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit,  and  short 
rigid  styles:  oil-tubes  large,  3  dorsal  and  2  commissural:  seed  flat- 
tened laterally. 

Dry  .soil,  Kansas  (//«//),  Arkansas  {Nulhiil,  Lea venirortfi),  and  Texas 
[Drummond,  Lhulheimcr,  Wright,  Thurher,  Reverchon\. 

Nuttali's  plant,  from  "Plains  of  the  Red  River,"  and  described  as  Zt. 
htl<r<t}tln;}ln)h.  is  this  species. 

ly.  E.  Wrightii  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  i.  78.  Glaucous:  stem 
erect,  branching,  1  or  2  feet  high:  leaves  rigid;  radical  oblanceo- 
latc,    pectinate-dentate   or  pimiatifld    with   triangular  teeth  tipped 


101 

with  l()ii|4-  liiislk's;  sIlmu  1c;i\cs  sessile,  from  l;iciiii:ilcl\ -toolhcd  lo 
piiuiately  cut  into  liiic;;r-lanccol;ite  cuspiihitc  cliNisioiis:  heads  ovate 
to  oblong  (  al)ont  ()  lines  long),  witli  inxolncic  of  numerous  linear- 
lanceolate  entire  to  rcmotel}'  toothed  spiny-tipped  bracts  (whitish 
within,  green  without)  twice  as  long  as  the  head;  bractlets  subu- 
late, rigid,  spiny-tipped,  longer  than  the  Howers,  the  terminal  ones 
verv  prominent  and  crowning  the  head:  fruit  half  a  line  long,  with 
short  ovate  mucronatc  calyx-lobes,  ;>.!id  shoit  8t\les. 

Hills  and  plains,  E.  Toxas  (//f(?0,  New  Mexico  (  t»'//V//i/i,  aiiH  Aii/.oiia 
(  Lemmnu):  extending  also  into  Mexico.     Fl.  August. 

20.  E.  diffusum  Torr.  Ann,  Lye.  N.  \'.  ii.  207.  Stem  about 
a  span  high,  diffusely  brandling  from  the  base,  with  thick  rigid 
branches:  leaves  sessile,  palmately  parted,  coriaceous,  midrib  ver\ 
prominent  beneath  and  margins  cartilagmous;  segnients  oblong, 
inci,sely  serrate  and  spinose:  heads  subglobose,  about  <>  lines  long, 
on  very  short  peduncles  in  the  forks  of  the  stem,  with  involucre  of 
leaf-like  bracts  longer  than  the  head,  and  bractlets  lanceolate,  en- 
tiro,  spinosely-tipped :  fruit  clothed  with  imbricated  pointed  scales, 
less  than  a  lir.e  long,  with  ovate  long-pointed  calyx-lobes  twice  as 
long  as  the  fruit,  and  long  styles:  oil-tubes  very  large,  8  dorsal 
and  2  commissural,  more  or  less  sunken  in  the  somewhat  dorsally 
flattened  seed:  seed-face  plane. 

Sandy  plains,  Arkansas,  on  tlie  Canadian  Kivor  {Jumcs).  Wichita  Mts 
(  7ViMr6e»-.  in  Marcy's  Exped.);  Texas  (Up nrr lion  :i">(i),  and  extending  into 
Mexico. 

An  excellent  figure  of  this  rnre  plant  is  tc  bo  found  in  Marcy's  Ke- 
port,  t  6. 

*****  l^o-L\  sJcndvr^  niosily  prostrate  :  leaves  sniall^fi'iin 
and  iiiiarnieJ :  heads   very  small :  southern. 

21.  E.  Baldwinii  Spreng.  Syst.  i.  S70.  Prostrate,  often 
rooting  at  the  joints,  diffusely  branched:  lower  leaves  oblong, 
usually  long-petioled,  from  entire  to  laciniately  toothed ;  upper 
leaves  much  snialler,  8-partc:l,  tlie  divisions  from  lanceolate  t») 
liliform,  toothed  or  entire:  heads  usually  narrowly  oblong  at 
maturity  (  about  8  lines  long),  witii  involucre  of  subulate  bracts, 
and  similar  bractlets:  fruit  half  a  line  long,  with  very  jirominent 
tubercles,  ovate  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  fruit,  and  styles  a  line 
long;  oil-tubes   medium-sixed,  3    dors;d   and    2    cnn-.missuial,  with 


102 

plane  face.  (  Fii;'.  l(>;3a )  —  Intl.  H.  Ccrvaiilcsii  of  Chajjinau's 
>[anual. 

Saudy  hioil,  I'roiii  (Tcorgiu  aiul  Florida  lo  Louisiana  and  Missouri  (  Troci/). 
Apparently  (lowering  from  March  through  the  season. 

This  species  is  very  variahh^  in  foliage,  the  extrenit-  forms  with  fili- 
form leaf-segments  being  the  /-;.  ('rri'ttiitesii  of  Chapman's  Manual,  but  no 
line  of  separation  can  be  drawn  to  distinguish  even  a  variety. 

22.  E.  prostratum  Nutt.  DC.  Piodr.  iv.  92.  Prostrate, 
rooting  at  the  joints,  diffusclv  hranched  :  lower  leaves  long-petioled, 
oblong,  entire,  few-tootheJ,  or  lobed  at  base;  upper  leaves  smaller, 
clustered  at  the  rooting  joints,  ovate,  few-toothed  or  entire,  with 
some  additional  trifid  ones:  heads  narrowh-  oblong  (about  8  lines 
long),  with  involucre  of  reflexed  lanceolate  bracts  longer  than  the 
heads,  f.nd  very  small  bractlets:  fruit  tuberculate,  half  a  line  long. 
— ^.  Baldxvhiii  var.  />'.  Torr.  A:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  605. 

Wet  places,  Kentucky  {Short),  West  Tennessee  {Gattingcr).  S.  E.  Mis- 
souri (Engelmann),  Arkansas  {XuffaU.  Harvey,  Haase),  Texas  {Hall), 
Louisiana  {Dniiinnoiul,  Joor,  Lanr/ldis).  Georgia  {Boijkiu),  and  Florida 
[('room,  Rugef). 

In  PI.  Wright,  i.  78,  Dr.  Gray  speaks  of  this  species  as  probably  dis- 
tinct and  the  E.  Amcriranum  of  Walter.  In  his  Bibl,  Index  Mr.  Watson 
also  refers  Walter's  E.  Amerirannm  doubtfully  to  E.  proHfruium.  The  fact 
is,  there  is  no  E.  Americanum  Walter.  That  name  was  first  used  by 
Sprengel  in  Rccm.  &  Schult.  8yst.  and  referred  by  him  to  Walter,  but  he 
copied  the  description  of  Walter's  E.  integrifolhon.  Therefore  all  the  £'. 
Amrricannm  Walter  of  our  literature  is  E.  integrifolium  Walter,  and  what 
that  is  seems  impossible  to  determine.  As  Walter  describes  a  prostrate 
form  with  upper  leaves  trifid.  he  may  have  been  referring  to  some  form  of 
E.'Baldwinn,  which  seems  to  conform  better  to  his  description  than  E. 
l>rostratain.  But  Walter's  description  is  so  meager,  and  the  two  species 
in  (juestion  so  variable,  that  there  seems  to  be  no  way  of  positively  deter- 
mining which  one  of  them  is  E.  integrifolium  Walter. 

30.  SANICULA  Linn.  Gen.  n.  826. — Smooth  perennials, 
with  almost  naked  or  few-leaved  stems,  mostly  palmate  (pinnate 
in  two  species)  leaves  with  more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  incised  lobes, 
involucre  and  involucels  present,  and  greenish-yellow  or  purple 
flowers  in  irregularly  compound  few-rayed  umbels. 

*  Atlantic  species:  oil-tubes  ahvays  5  (8  dorsal  and  2  ccm- 
niissiiral )  :  leaves  palmately  divided. 

1.     S.  Marylandica  L.  .Spec.  285.     Mostly    simple,  1  to   3 


103 

feet  high:  root-leaves  loiig-petioled,  palnialely  8  to  7-partecl,  the 
divisions  mostly  sharply  cut  and  serrate,  the  teeth  more  or  less 
mucronate-tipped;  caulinc  leaves  similar,  short-petioled  or  sessile: 
umhels  ii regular,  one  to  few-rayed,  with  involucre  of  few  leaf-liUc 
or  small  bracts,  and  involucels  of  few  small  bractlets:  Howers 
greenish-yellow,  sterile  ones  numerous  and  long-petlicelled :  fruit 
sessile,  prickly  all  over,  y^  to  2  lines  long;  the  styles  longer  than 
the  prickles:  seed-face  plane  or  slightly  convex.     (  Fig.  lOl.) 

Throughout  the  eastern  United  States  and  Caiuuhi.  and  westwmd  to 
th<>  llocky  Moinitains,     Fl.  May  to  August. 

Var.  Canadensis  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  8(VJ.  Differs  only  in  its 
comparatively  few  short-pedicelled  sterile  flowers,  and  st\  les 
shorter  than  the  prickles. — 6".  Canadensis  L. 

With  tlie  last,  but  extending  westward  only  as  tar  as  Minnosotii  anil 
Missouri. 

In  studying  all  our  species  ot  Sanirula  it  becomes  apparent  that  the 
characters  which  have  been  nsed  to  separate  .S.  Mdrifhuidictt  from  S.  Car.- 
(nUnsiH  are  not  specific.  They  can  always  be  separated,  but  the  distinc- 
tions are  only  varietal.  This  .species  is  A'ery  closely  allied  to  S.  Europira 
L.,  and  forms  from  the  mountaiim  of  Georgia,  considered  by  Dr.  Chapman 
as  representing  a  new  species,  can  scarcely  be  separated  from  it.  If  our 
species  is  to  be  kept  separate  from  the  European  one.  the  differences  are 
simply  continental,  such  as  slight  differences  in  habit  and  fruit  structure. 

*  *  facipc  species :  oil -tubes  irre<:;iilar  in  iiidiiber  a)id  dis- 
tribution. 

t      Mature  fruit  pedirelled :  leaves  pahuaiely  divided. 

'.*.  S.  arctopoides  Ih.ok.  .V  Arn.  Hot.  IJccchy,  141  and  8-17. 
Stems  \  cry  siiorl,  from  thickened  rootstocks,  bearing  a  tuft  of 
leaves  and  several  (often  much  longer)  di\crgent  scape-like 
branches  2  to  8  inch-js  long,  each  bearing  an  umbel  of  1  to  8  elon- 
gated rays:  leaves  deepl\-  palmatelv  8-lobed,  the  cuneate  divisions 
once  or  twice  laciniatcK  cleft,  uisseclcd  with  lanceolate  acute 
spreading  segments:  involucrr  of  1  or  '.*  siniilai-  leaf-like  bracts; 
unibellets  large,  8  to  ♦'»  lines  in  diameter,  w  ith  conspicuous  invol- 
ucels of  8  to  Yl  narrowK  oblanceolate  mostU  entire  bractlets: 
flowers  yellow:  f  i  uit  short  pedicellate,  ]'_;  lines  long,  naked  at 
base,  with  strong  i)rickles  abo\e:  seed-face  almost  plane.  (Fig.  105). 
On  (he  piaiiis  and  dry  liillsidi's   in   ("alifoini.i.  .iliout  San  Franci.sco  and 


104 

eastward  into  the  Sacramento  Valley;  aUo  Vancouver  and  Queen  Charlottp 
Ihhiuds  iMuroini.  Dmrson].  and  the  northwest  coast  (J/ t'«^/f'.s).  Fl.  March 
to  May. 

;l  S.  Howellii  C  A:  R.  Bot.  (Jazette,  \iii,  SI.  Stems  coarse, 
a  foot  or  less  high,  more  or  less  hurled  in  the  sand,  often  bearing 
tufts  of  stout  elongated  peduncles  and  leaves:  leaves  hroad  and 
palmately  3  to  5-lohed  (often  much  modified  by  burial  in  the 
santl),  the  upper  inclined  to  be  pinnately  lobed,  the  divisions  rather 
sharply  cut  and  toothed,  the  teeth  mucronate-tipped :  umbels 
unequally  few-rayed,  with  involucre  of  few  leaf-like  bracts,  and 
involucels  of  very  prominent  bractlets,  sometimes  much  exceeding 
the  large  globose  head  of  fruit;  fiowers  yellow:  fruit  short  pedicel- 
late, prickly  all  o\er,  1^4  to  2  lines  long:  seed-face  concave. 
(Fig.  lOB.) 

Sandy  shores,  Tilaniook  Bay  and  Ocean  Beach.  Oregon,  July  15,  18S2 
( Howell  1().  Henderson  1.584);  Oreas  Island,  in  18.58  {LyalL  on  Oregon 
Boundary  Commission);  Puget  Sound  {Wilkefi'  E.rped.  71,  distributed  as 
.S.  Menziesii);  Salinas  Valley  (J.  C.  Xeviit,  in  1882);  on  Beacon  Hill,  Victoria, 
Vancouver  Island,  May  .">,  1887  {Macouii  5);  also  probably  near  San  Fran- 
cisco, Calitornia  (Kellof/a  d-  Harford  2!)!),  in  l.sGS-O). 

Exceedingly  variable  in  its  leaves  and  the  length  of  its  bractlets.  This 
sea-coast  species  is  most  nearly  allied  to  .S'.  ((rctopoldes  H.  &  A.,  but  the 
habitat  of  that  species,  its  almost  stemless  habit,  its  leaves  so  laciuiately 
dissected  as  to  appear  fringed,  its  fruit  naked  at  base,  and  its  nearly  plane 
seed-face,  are  the  more  maiked  characters  which  separate  it  from  S. 
HoireUii. 

4.  S.  Menziesii  llouk.  t\:  Arn.  Bot.  13eechcy,  142  and  347. 
Stem  solitary,  erect,  1  to  8i^  feet  high,  branching:  leaves  round- 
cordate,  2  to  4  inches  broad,  very  deeply  '5  to  5-lobcd,  the  broad 
segments  sharply  toothed  or  somewhat  cleft,  the  teeth  bristle- 
tipped;  upper  leaves  more  narrowly  lobed  and  laciuiately  toothed: 
umbel  with  8  to  4  slender  rays,  involucre  of  2  or  3  small  leaf-like 
bracts,  and  in\olucels  of  (5  to  8  small  entire  bractlets;  flowers  yel- 
low, the  sterile  ones  nearly  sessile:  fruit  becoming  distinctly 
pedicellate  and  divergent,  obovate,  1  to  2  lines  long,  covered  with 
v.'ith  strong  pickles:  seed-face  sulcate.     (Fig.  K)7). 

Woods  and  meadows,  S.  California  (Purinh,  Orcutt)  to  Vancouver 
Island  {Macoan),  British  Columbia  {Fhtchrr),  and  the  northwest  coast 
(Mrnzir.^).     Fl.  April  and  May. 


lOo 

T  t      Mature  f  rint  scssifr. 
;|;      Leaves  pa/iiiatc/v  i//vii/ci/  (muYwuWd  in  .S.  iiiarih'/ra  ). 

5.  S.  laciniata  Hook.  iS:  Aim.  Hot.  Bccchcy,  'U7.  Stems 
more  or  less  branching,  (>  to  18  inches  liigh,  from  a  tliickened 
rootslock:  leaves  mostly  palmately  8  to  a-parted,  the  divisions  1  to 
2-pinnatifid,  segments  laciniately  toothed,  the  teeth  spinoselv 
pointed:  umbel  8  to  a-rayed,  with  involucre  of  leaf-like  bracts,  and 
involucels  of  lanceolate  spinoscly  pointed  bractlets;  flowers  yel- 
low, the  sterile  ones  on  long  petlicels:  fruit  somewhat  naked 
below,  more  prickly  above,  1 1/<  lines  long:  seed-face  ileeply  sul- 
cate,  somewhat  involute.  (Fig.  108. )— ■5".  niaHcaitlis  Hook.  & 
Arn.  1.  c. 

Hills  aud  woods,  California,  from  San  Diego  to  HiiniboR  county;  also 
in  \.  Oregon  (.Vr.s.  R.  TV.  SummerH).     Fl.  April  and  May. 

We  find  in  herbaria  considerable  confusion  between  this  species  and 
S.  bipinnotifidii,  &  good  ilea\  of  .S.  Utciniuhi  having  been  distributed  as 
S.  bipinmtfifidct,  as,  for  instance,  Prhujh  ol  ]SS2,  and  Johcw  :514'J.  The 
palmately  parted  leaves,  spinoselv  pointed  teeth  and  bractlets,  yellow 
Hewers,  less  prickly  fruit,  and  involute  sulcate  seed-face  of  S.  laciiiiafa, 
are  well  set  off  against  the  pinnately-paited  leaves,  merely  acute  or  but 
slightly  pointed  teeth  and  bractlets,  purple  flowers,  densely  prickly  fruit, 
and  broadly  concave  i-ejitrally  ridged  seed- face  of  .S'.  hipinnatifida.  Nevin 
&  Lyon,  in  their  exploration  of  San  Clemente  Island  (off  S.  California), 
collected  this  species  with  pedicelled  fruit.  The  same  form  was  also  col- 
lected on  Catalina  Island  by  Baker  and  Dall  of  the  I'.  S.  Coast  Survey,  and 
on  Guadalupe  Island  by  Palmer.  In  every  other  respect  these  plants  are 
identical  with  ,S'.  hn-iiiidln. 

().  S.  Nevadensis  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  18U.  Stem 
slender,  sometimes  \cr\-  short,  si.nple  or  branching  near  the  base, 
a  foot  or  less  high:  leaves  ternate,  the  divisions  oblong-ovate,  8  to 
a-lobcd;  the  segments  lobed  or  toothed:  umbel  with  about  5  rays, 
which  are  sometimes  branched  and  become  i<  to  i  ]4  inches  long 
in  fruit,  involucre  of  pinn.Uitul  leaf-like  bracts,  and  Involucels  of 
small  oblong  acute  bractlets:  flowers  yellow,  the  sterile  ones  pedicel- 
led:  fruit  prickly  all  over,  1 1^  lines  long:  seed-face  plane. 
(Fig.  109.) 

In  dry  sandy  soil  Ml- damp  places,  California  (/•Vem (>/(/'.•<  E.rprd.),  So- 
noma county  (Coiujdun),  Placer  county  (  C.  F.  Sonne),  Plumas  county  {Mrx. 
Anus,  Mrs.  Austin.  Ltnnnon),  Siskiyou  county  (Oreen  741);  Oregon, 
Siskivou  Mis.    ilhiid,  rsiHi).    near   Hood    lUver  and  the   Dalles  ( /fojr^?/^. 


106 

Union  county  {Cusick  DUO);  Washington  Tcnitory  (  WilkGti'  ExpijL),  Klick- 
itat county  (Sufikfidorf'ili));  Montana,  upper  waters  of  Jocko  and  Flathead 
rivers  (Canby  142);  Vancouver  Island  (Macoun),  British  Columbia 
(Fletcher).     Fl.  April  to  June. 

The  original  description  was  drawn  from  Californian  (Plumas  Co.) 
specimens,  in  which  the  stems  are  very  shoit  and  peduncles  mostly  from 
the  base;  while  the  northern  forms,  from  Oregon  northward,  are  slender- 
stemmed,  taller,  and  usually  more  simple. 

7.  S.  maritima  Kellogg,  Watson  in  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  451. 
Foot  or  more  higli,  from  a  thickened  rootstock:  radical  leaves  long 
petioled,  somewhat  cordate,  very  obtuse,  entire  or  sparingly  dentic- 
ulate or  crenulate,  2  to  4  inches  long,  li^  to  3  inches  broad;  cau- 
line  leaves  one  or  few,  smaller  and  more  or  less  lobed  or  parted: 
umbel  with  about  8  elongated  rays  (often  with  bracts  near  the 
middle),  involucre  of  large  leaf-like  lobed  or  parted  bracts,  and 
involucels  of  numerous  small  lanceolate  bractlets:  flowers  yellow, 
the  sterile  ones  short-pedicelled:  fruit  somewhat  naked  below, 
prickly  above,  2  lines  long:  seed-face  concave,  with  a  very  promi- 
nent central  longitudinal  ridge.     (Fig.  110.) 

Near  the  coast  about  San  Francisco,  California  (Kelloyrf,  G.  R.  Vasey). 

^  '^     Leaves  more  or  less  ^innately  divided. 

8.  S.  bipinnatifida  Dougl.  in  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  258. 
Stems  a  foot  or  more  high,  from  a  thickened  rootstock,  with 
usually  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves  at  base,  and  1  to  3  leaves  above: 
leaves  pinnately  8  to  7-parted,  the  divisions  incisely  toothed  or 
lobed,  decurrent  on  the  toothed  rhachis,  teeth  acute  or  slightly 
pointed:  umbel  with  3  or  4  elongated  rays,  involucre  of  leaf-like 
bracts,  and  involucels  of  small  narrow  merely  acute  bractlets:  flow- 
ers purple  (rarely  yellow),  in  dense  heads,  the  sterile  ones  on  long 
pedicels:  fruit  prickly  all  over,  1 1^  lines  long:  seed-face  broadly 
concave,  with  a  prominent  central  longitudinal  ridge.     (Fig.  HI.) 

Hills,  woods,  and  dry  plains,  from  S.  California  [Bigelow,  Newberry, 
Vasey,  Puriah,  Parry,  Lemmon,  Cleveland,  etc.),  to  N.  Oregon  (Nuitall), 
Puget  Sound  (Wilkes  Exped.),  and  Vancouver  Island  (Maco^m).  Fl.  May 
and  June. 

9.  S.  bipinnata  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  347.  A  foot 
or  more  high,  from  a  slender  fusiform  root:  leaves  twice  or  thrice 
pinnate,  with  divisions  not  at  all  decurrent,  cuneate-oblong  to 
ovate,  incisely  and  mucronately  toothed:  umbel  3  to  4-rayed,  with 
involucre  of  leaf-like  bracts,  and  involucels  of  a  few  small  bractlets 


1(»7 

more  or  less  united;  llowers  yellcnv:  fiiiil  tiil)erciihite  at  base, 
prickly  above,  Ij^  lines  long:  seed-face  deeply  sulcate,  more  or 
less  involute  (sometimes  enclosinj?  a  central  cavitv),  with  a  central 
longitudinal  ridge.     (Fig.  112.) 

California,  from  Kern  county  (Parish  I'.tt"),  to  the  Upper  Sacramento 
Valley.     Fl.  February  and  March. 

This  species  is  said  to  have  a  very  offensive  odor.  It  seems  to  be  rare 
in  hcibaria,  and  sometimes  strangely  confused  with  ,S'.  hiphiunfiftda.  . 

10.  S.  tuberosa  Torrcy,  Pacif.  R.  Rep.  iv.  91.  .Stem  8 
inches  to  2  feet  high,  from  a  small  globose  tuber:  leaves  twice  or 
thrice  pinnate,  usually  very  finely  divided,  ultimate  segments  very 
small:  umbel  1  to  4-rayed,  with  involucre  of  leaf-like  bracts,  and 
involucels  of  small  uneciually  united  bractlets:  flowers  yellow,  the 
sterile  ones  on  long  pedicels:  fruit  broader  than  long,  more  flat- 
tened latterally  than  in  any  other  species,  a  line  long,  strongly 
tuberculate:  seed  somewhat  laterally  flattened,  with  plane  face. 
(Fig.  113.) 

Dry  hills  and  woods,  California,  from  San  Diego  county  { Cleveland i2l) 
and  San  Bernardino  county  {PartMh  !»82,  VaMey).  to  Mendocino  and  Plumas 
counties.    Fl.  February  to  May. 

This  species  is  also  said  to  have  a  very  offensive  odor. 

31.  AMMO.SEL1NUM  Torr.  &  Gray,  Pacific.  Rep.  ii.  1«5. 
— Low  diffuse  annuals,  with  ternately  divided  leaves,  the  small 
ultimate  segments  linear  to  spatulate,  involucre  and  involucels  of 
entire  or  dissected  bracts,  and  white  flowers  in  small  sessile  or 
short-pedunculate  unetiual  umbels. 

A  very  distinct  genus,  and  one  of  doubtful  aftinity,  but  holding  no 
relation  whatever  to  Clueroithijllum,  as  was  surmised  in  the  original  de- 
scription and  followed  by  Bentham  k  Hooker. 

1.  A.  Popei  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  About  a  span  (sometimes 
a  foot)  high,  with  stem-angles,  rays,  pedicels,  and  ribs  of  fruit 
rough  scabrous:  leaf-segments  narrowly  linear:  fruit  ovate-oblong, 
2  to  2i^  lines  long,  with  thick  corky  commissure. — Apiutn  Popei 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  348. 

In  sandy  soil,  W.  Kansas  (K.  X  Plank),  Texas  (Wright.  Parry, 
Rererchon,  Misn  Croft).  New  Mexico  (  Wriyht).  Arizona  iPringle.  in  1S82. 
very  large  forms),  and  extending  into  Mexico.     Fl.  .\pril  and  May. 

2.  A.  Butleri  C.  &.  R.  Hot.  Ga/ette,  vii.  2«4.  Smaller, 
nearly  glabrous:  Icaf-scgmcnts  narrowly  oblong  or  spatulate:  fruit 


108 

ovate,  about  a  line  loiijj,-,  v,  ith  rihs  smooth  or  iriimitcl}'  scabrous, 
and  corky  coinmissurc  much  less  prominent.  (Fig.  114.) — Ap'nnn 
Butlcri^  Watson  in  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x\i,  458. 

In  wet  grounds,  Indian  Territory,  soutli  of  the  Arlcansas  [Butler,  in 
187f>);and  Texas,  near  Houston  (Hall  24i.  in  ls72t,  near  Dallas  (Reverekon, 
in  1S74).     Fl.  March  and  April. 

82.  FCENICULUM  Adans.  Earn.  PI.  ii.  101.— Stout  gla- 
brous aromatic  herb,  with  leaves  dissected  into  numerous  filiform 
segments,  no  involucre  nor  involucels,  and  large  umbels  of  3'ellovv 
flowers. 

F.  VULCJAKE  Giertn.,  the  cultivated  fennel,  from  Europe, 
seems  to  have  become  naturalized  in  some  places,  as  shores  of 
Maryland  and  Virginia  (  Canby)^  roadsides,  Pointe-a-la-Hache 
Louisiana  [La)iglois)\  also  on  ballast  sand  near  Philadelphia 
[Parker^  Alartindale)^  and  commonly  escaped  from  gardens. 

The  fruit  of  this  species  (Fig.  ll.>)  is  described  under  Cicuta  bulbifera 
in  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.  263,  and  figured  in  the  accompanying  plate.  The  mis- 
take arose  from  the  tact  that  a  fruiting  head  of  Fmniculum  was  pasted 
upon  the  herbarium  sheet  with  specimens  of  Cicuta  bulbifera,  the  mature 
fruit  of  which  species  remains  unknown. 

88.  PODISTERA  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  475.— 
A  dwarf  cespitose  acaulescent  perennial,  with  pinnately  parted 
leaves,  no  involucre,  involucels  of  foliaceous  8  to  5-cleft  bractlets 
(b)'  the  reduction  of  the  rays  often  forming  a  false  involucre),  and 
white  or  pinkish  flowers. 

1.  P.  Nevadensis  W^atson,  1.  c.  Obscurely  puberulent: 
caudex  Vvith  numerous  very  short  crowded  branches  bearing  tufts 
of  leaves:  leaves  small,  8  or  4  lines  long,  rather  thick,  the  8  to  7 
lanceolate  segments  acute  and  entire:  peduncles  very  short;  umbels 
of  8  to  5  umbellets  vvhtcb  are  either  sessile  or  with  very  short  rays; 
involucels  as  long  as  umbellets:  fruit  little  more  than  a  line  long, 
nearly  sessile.  (Fig.  116.) — Cyiuoftenis  {})  N'cvadensis  Gray, 
Proc'  Am.  Acad.  vi.  58(). 

Near  the  top  of  Mt.  Dana.  California,  at  lo,()00  feet  altitude,  forming 
large  convex  dense  mats  among  the  rocks  { Rrewer.m  \^i\?,,  Lcmtnon,  \n 
1878i.     Fl.  June  and  July. 


109 

;U.  P1MIMN1':LI.A  Linn.  (;cii.  n.  8()().— Glabrous  peren- 
nials, with  ternatcly  or  pinnately  compound  leaves,  involucre  and 
involuccls  scanty  or  none,  and  white  or  yellow  flowers. 

1.  P.  integerrima  l>enlh.  iK:  Hook,  Gen.  PI.  i.  8*.)4.  Glaucous, 
1  to  8  feet  hi<rh,  branching:  leaves  2  to  8-ternatcly  compound; 
leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  entire:  umbels  10  to  20- rayed;  rays  2 
to  8  inches  long;  pedicels  4  to  ♦)  lines  long:  flowers  yellow:  fruit 
broadly  oblong,  2  lines  long:  stylopodium  small  or  wanting:  oil- 
tubes  mostly  3  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural  side:  seed- 
face  almost  plane.     (Fig.  117.) — Zizia  integer ri)>ia  DC. 

Eoeky  hillsides  throughout  Canada  and  the  Atlantic  States,  as  far  west 
as  Minnesota,  Missouri,  and  Arkansas.     Fl.  May. 

2.  P.  apiodora  Gray,  Proc.  Am,  Acad.  vii.  345.  .Smooth, 
rather  stout,  2  to  8  feet  high:  leaves  mostly  radical,  2  to  8-ternate, 
the  cuneate-ovate  leaflets  laciniately  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  an 
inch  long:  urnbels  long  peduncled,  6  to  ir)-rayed;  rays  1  to  2  inches 
long,  hispidly  puberulent:  flowers  white  or  pinkish:  fruit  (imma- 
ture) broadly  ovate,  Ij^  lines  long:  oil-tubes  numerous  in  the 
intervals  (4  or  5  in  the  dorsal,  (>  in  the  laterals),  8  or  more  on  the 
commissural  side. 

From  San  Francisco,  California,  to  E-  Nevada  (  WainoiA- 
The  plant  is  said  to   have  a  strong   odor  of  celery.     Mature   fruit  has 
iiot  yet  been  collected- 

\'ar.  nudicaulis  (iray,l.  c.  \  iii.  885,  Small,  stem  scapiform, 
almost  leafless,  scarcely  a  foot  high, 

A  high  mountain  form,  Oregon  (HaU  20(1). 

P.  Saxikra(;a  L.  var.  majou  Koch,  a  European  species,  has 
been  collected  since  1877  by  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter  and  others  along 
rocky  shores  of  the  Delaware  River,  from  Delaware  Water  Gap 
i^Poggeiiburg^  to  Easton,  Penn.,  and  along  road-sides  near  the 
latter  plfce;  also  at  Sycamore,  Ohio,  in  1878  (//.  //.  Rushy).  It 
has  simply  pinnate  leaves  with  sharply-toothed  leaflets,  oblong 
fruit  a  line  long,  with  ribs  sometimes  almost  obsolete,  convex  seed- 
face,  a  cushion-like  stylopodium,  and  white  flowers,     (Fig,  118,) 

85,  APIASTR.UM  Nutt.  in  Torr.  A:  Gray,  Fl,  i.  648,— 
\ Qvy  slender  smooth  branching  (somewhat  dichotomouslv)  an- 
nuals, with  llnely  dissected  leaves   having  iiliform  or  linear  (some- 


110 

times  a  little  broader)  scj^iiicntv,  and  small  white  llowers  in  naked 
unequally  few-rayed  umbels. 

1.  A.  angustifolium  Nutt.  1.  c.  644.  A  span  or  two  high: 
leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,  biternately  or  triternately  divided,  with 
linear  or  nearly  filiform  segments  (rarely  linear-oblong)  :  umbels  ses- 
sile; rays  from  an  inch  long  to  wanting;  pedicels  half  inch  long  to 
wanting:  fruit  with  narrow  commissure,  cordate  in  outline,  ^  line 
long.  (Fig.  119.) — Incl.  A  latifolhan  Nutt.  1.  c.,  which  is  the 
coarser-leaved  form.  Helosciadiuin  leptophylliiiu^  var.  (?)  latifol- 
iitm  Hook.  &  Arn.  Bot.  Beechey,  347. 

Hillsides,  California,  from  San  Bernardino  to  Mendocino  county;  also 
in  Lower  California  (il//.s.s'  F.  E.  FWi,  Orcntt).     Fl.  April  and  May. 

2.  A.  patens.  One  to  two  feet  high,  branching  above: 
leaves  (1  or  2  inches  long)  ternately  or  biternately  divided,  with 
long  filiform  segments:  umbels  long-peduncled;  rays  and  pedicels 
as  in  the  last:  fruit  with  broader  commissure, ovate, slightly  larger. 
(Fig.  l2{).)—Leptocaulis  patens  Nutt.  in  DC.  Prodr.  iv.  107. 
?Z.  inermis  Nutt.  in  DC.  Mem.  Umbel.  39.  Apiiim  patens  Wat- 
son, Bibl.  Index.  Polypet.  413 

From  Missouri  to  Louisiana,  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  ( Trr/(/7( Ml 0(1). 
Fl.  June. 

In  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.  2i)3,  we  referred  this  species  provisionally  to 
LepiocauUs.  From  that  genus  it  differs,  as  was  pointed  out,  in  its  thinner 
pericarp,  absence  of  strengthening  cells,  frequent  increase  in  the  number 
of  oil-tubes,  and  suleate  seel-face,  all  of  which  important  characters  asso- 
ciate it  with  Apiasfrnm. 

36.  MUSENIUM  Nutt.  in  Torr.  cS:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  642.— 
Glabrous  or  scabrous  dwarf  resiniferous  dry  ground  perennials, 
from  thick  elongated  roots,  acaulescent  or  dichotomously  branch- 
ing at  base,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  no  involucre,  in- 
volucels  of  a  few  narrow  bractlets,  and  yellow  or  white  flowers. 

This  genus  seems  to  be  British  American,  extending  into  the  United 
States  alocg  the  Eocky  Mountains.  Few  specimens  have  been  collected  in 
the  United  States,  and  hence  herbarium  material  is  very  scanty.  Prof. 
Macounhas  discovered  the  first  two  species  abundantly  represented  on  the 
great  plains  of  N.  W.  Terr.,  but  M.  tenuifolium  remains  veiy  poorly  known, 
mature  fruit  of  it  not  yet  having  been  collected. 

1.  M.  divaricatum  Nutt.  1.  c.  Decumbent,  glabrous:  stem 
short,    dichotomously    branching    from  base:  leaves    bipinnatifid, 


Ill 

with  winged  rhachis;  segments  8  to  a-f.oolhcd :  pedimeles  2  to  5 
inches  long:  umbel  10  to  'io-raycd;  rays  3  to  9  lines  long;  pedicels 
short:  fruit  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about  two  lines  long:  oil-tubes  8 
in  the  intervals,  with  accessory  ones  beneath  the  ribs,  4  on  the 
commissural  side:  seed  terete,  with  rather  deeply  concave  face. 
(Fig.  121.) — Scseii  divaricatum  Pursh,  782;  DC.  Prodr.  i\-.  14(). 

From  the  plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri  to  Oregon,  and  extending  into 
N.  W.  British  America.     Fl.  May  and  June. 

2.  M.  trachyspermum  Nutt.  1.  c.  Like  the  last,  but  more 
or  less  scabrous  throughout:  fruit  scabrous,  smaller,  1  to  1  ^  lines 
long,  with  more  prominent  ribs:  oil-tubes  mostly  solitaay  in  the 
intervals,  often  with  smaller  accessory  ones  in  the  intervals  or 
beneath  the  ribs,  2  on  the  commissural  side:  seed  sulcate  beneath 
the  oil-tubes,  with  more  shallow  concavit}'.  (Fig.  122.)— J/. 
divaricatiim  Nutt.  \  ar.  Hookcri  'I'orr.  <S:  Gray,  1.  c.  M.  angusti- 
folium  Nutt.  1.  c. 

Colorado  (Hall  a-  Horbour  2H}  to  Montana  {Wiilson,  Caiibji)  and 
plains  of  British  America.     Fl.  May  and  June. 

8.  M.  (?)  tenuifolium  Nutt.  1.  c.  Acaulescent,  somewhat 
cespitose,  glaucous:  leaves  tripinnatifid  with  narrowly  linear  seg- 
ments: Howers  said  to  be  white:  peduncles  much  longer  than  the 
leaves;  umbel  12  to  20-raycd:  fruit  nearly  glabrous,  with  ribs 
nearly  obsolete:  oil-tubes  large,  2  or  8  in  the  intervals. 

"Rocky  Mountains"  (Xultalh. 

The  type  specimens  of  tliis  very  uncertain  species  liave  been  examined 
at  Cambridge,  Philadielphia.  and  New  York,  but  the  fruit  is  so  very  im- 
mature that  the  relationship  cannot  be  determined.  Very  liliely  it  is  not  a 
3/M.se/i('t(m  at  all.  In  general  appearance  it  resembles  Ihtihourin  more 
than  anything  else. 

87.  EULOPIIUS  Xutl.  in  DC.  Prodr.  iv.  248.— Glabrous 
perennials  from  deep-seated  fascicled  tubers,  1  to  o  feet  high,  with 
pinnately  or  ternately  compound  leaves,  narroul}-  linear  to  oblong- 
linear  mostly  entire  leaflets  (or  segments),  the  terminal  one  elon- 
gated, involucre  (rarely  wanting)  and  inxolucels  of  several  lanceo- 
late acuminate  usually  subscarious  bracts,  and  long-peduncled  um- 
bels of  white  or  pinkish  flowers.  Tncl.  Podosc'iaJ'runi  (irav,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  845. 

This  genus  is  rema)-i<ably    Wfll    (l.'fineii,    biwng   readily    recognized  by 


112 

such  exteriial  characters  as  its  elongated  linear  entire  leaflets,  taseicled 
tubers,  conspicuous  involucels,  prominent  calyx-teeth,  conical  stylopodiuin, 
and  long  recurved  styles.  Its  nearest  alliance  Is  to  PimpineUa,  from 
which  it  differs,  not  only  in  most  of  the  characters  just  noted,  but  also  in 
the  concavity  of  the  seed-face.  The  broad  concavity  of  the  seed-face,  as 
well  as  its  comparative  shallowness,  is  one  of  the  marked  cha'actersof 
this  genus,  and  separates  it  not  only  from  certain  allied  genera,  but  also 
from  some  specif  s  which  have  been  confused  with  it.  This  cannot  include 
the  Mexican  forms  I'eferred  to  it. 

1.  E.  Americanus  Xutt.  in  DC.  Mem.  Umbel.  69,  t.  2. 
Three  to  five  feet  high :  radical  and  lower  cauHne  leaves  large,  1 
to  2-pinnately  compound,  with  leaflets  cut  into  short  narrow  seg- 
ments; upper  cauline  leaves  ternate,  with  narrowly  linear  elongated 
leaflets  (1  to  2  inches  long,  a  line  wide):  umbel  10  to  12-rayed, 
Vi^ith  involucre  scanty  or  none,  and  involucels  of  numerous  very 
narrowly  lanceolate  bractlets  (tapering  from  the  bottom)  but  a 
line  long:  fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  2  to  3  lines  long,  1^  to  2  lines 
broad,  with  ribs  almost  obsolete:  oil-tubes  mostly  3  in  the  intervals, 
■4  on  the  commissural  side.     (Fig.  123.) 

Ohio  (S'id^/y«n/),  to  Illinois  iVaHey,  Behh^,  Missouri  (i/.  E.  Hesse), 
Arkansas,  and  Tennessee  (Gattinger).    Fl.  July. 

2.  E.  Parishii.  One  to  two  feet  high:  leaves  ternate,  on 
petioles  2  to  4  inches  long,  with  linear-lanceolate  leaflets  1  to  3 
inches  long,  2  to  5  lines  wide,  terminal  leaflet  more  or  less  dis- 
tant; uppermost  leaves  simple:  uml^el  8  to  10-rayed,  with  scanty 
involucre  or  none,  and  involucels  of  2  to  6  narrov/ly  lanceolate 
bractlets  2  lines  long;  rays  i^  to  1  inch  long;  pedicels  2  to  4  lines 
long:  fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  1%  to  2  lines  long,  half  to  a  line 
broad:  oil-tubes  2  to  4  in  the  intervals,  6  on  the  commissural  side. 
(Fig.  \2A.)—Pimpmclla  Parishii  C.  &  R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.  157. 

Damp  meadows,  San  Bernardino,  and  San  Jacinto  Mts.,  California 
(.S.  B.  k  W.  F.  Parish  987,  in  part);  also  "Rattlesnake  Bar,"  Calif.  {M.  K. 
Curran.     Fl.  July  and  August. 

This  species  has  found  its  way  into  herbaria  under  the  name  of  Varum 
Gairdneri,  but  chiefly  as  rudosciadiuiit  Californicxm. 

3.  E.  Bolanderi.  Two  feet  high:  leaf  divisions  more  or 
less  pinnately  compound;  ultimate  segments  narrowly  linear,  ]4  ^^ 
1]4  inches  long  (terminal  one  sometimes  3  inches),  3^  to  1  line  vv'ide 
(lateral  leaflets  sometimes  much  reduced  and  toothed);  uppermost 
leaves  simple:   umbel   10  to    25-raycd,    with    prominent  involucre. 


113 

and  irivr^lucels  of  scnrioiis  oxatc-hiiiccolntc  ahruptly  l(iii!:(-:tciimiii;itc 
bractlcts  loii^er  than  the  pedicels;  rays  7t  to  10  hnes  lonj^;  pedicels 
114  t"  '^  I'"'-'''  1<>'>J?:  f>"n>t  oblony,  I  ';  lines  lon«^,  '.,  line  broad:  oil- 
tubes  small,  2  to  .*>  in  the  interv  als,  (>  on  the  coniMiissinal  side:  seed 
more  dorsally  fl:ittened  than  in  any  othei-  species.  (  I'it;.  1  :ir».) — 
Podojciadiinn  Jiolaiuhrl  (\x\\\ ^  Pioc.  Am.  Acad.  \  ii.  ;{4();  ISrewei' 
iS:  Watson,  Hot.  Calif,  i.  'l^SW. 

Califoniiii,  anioiif,' rocks  im  Mariiios.i  Tiiiil.  Yoseiuitc  ( />'r;/<(/M/.  ,•  t,s!i,s^ 
ill  isiid  tind  l>s7."!).  13i,t;  Jlcadows,  i'lumas  couiilv  ^Mix.  U.  M.  A ustiit,  i]i 
IssoV  Eniigiaiit  Gap  i./f)((r.s  :!(>o:!.  in  1KS2);  Nevaiia.  wrslerii  part  ot  slate 
iSlrclcln.  E.  Hiniibolilt  Mts.  (Watson  112.  nannwl  Cuniiii  (Idirdiifri  hi  Bot. 
King's  Exped.),  "Goiger  Grade"  ( -I/.  A'-  Curniii.  In  1884);  Oregon,  Vnion 
i-<»unty  (CuMick  1097.  in  l.s.s:;).  Stein's  Mt.  ( lloinll.  in  iss.)).  FI.  May  to  July. 
This  species  has  been  much  contused  with  Cunnii  i.'itinlntri  and  <'.  Onj- 
.r/fn»«»i  by  collectors,  and  under  these  names  il  is  found  in  herbaria.  A 
glaucj  at  the  conspieuous  searious-bracted  involucels,  broadly  concave 
seed-face,  and  numerous  oil-tube(s.  should  at  once  distinguish  it  from  any 
('arum.  It  is  an  interesting  fad  that  a  species  thought  to  be  so  local  is 
now  found  to  be  somewhat  widely  dihti  ibuted  tiirough  contiguous  parts  of 
California.  Nevada,  and  Oregon,  having  heretofore  concealed  its  identity 
under  a  general  simihnity  of  habit  to  Ctiruni. 

4,  E.  Pringlei.  One  to  two  feet  high:  leaves  pinnately  com- 
j)(nnul,  with  broad  inflated  midrib  and  distinct  divisions,  which  are 
cnt  into  a  few  riarrowly  linear  almost  Hliform  segments:  umbel  8 
to  (S-rayed,  with  scanty  involucre,  and  involucels  of  numerous  sub- 
scarious  lanceolate  bractlets  about  a  third  as  long  as  the  pedicels 
(sometimes  nearly  as  long);  rays  about  'Z  inches  long;  pedicels  8  to 
H  lines  long:  fruit  oblong,  2  to  2]4  l'»es  long,  about  half  a  line 
broad:  oil-tubes  3  to  a  in  the  intervals,  8  on  the   commissural  side. 

California  {Piinglc  Id,  in  I.S.S2),  San  Luis  Obispo  and  Emigrant  Gap 
{JuiK'M,  in  1882),  Ft.  T<'jon  Warinli  IIM.").  in  1SS7),  probably  Tel.achapi  {M. 
K.  Currun^;  also  collected  by  Fremont  in  lsis.  and  referred  to  ('((rum  Ktl- 
Inygii. 

This  very  dibtinv-'t  species  has  also  been  i-oJlected  as  a  r'«(»««(.  Its 
leaf  characters  are  so  marked  that  it  shoi.ld  be  readily  recognized. 

\'ar.  simplex  is  a  form  with  3  to  5  linear-lanceolate  entire 
leaflets,  and  smaller  involucels. 

Sierra  county,  California  (Lemmuu,  in  1874.) 

The  fruit  is  immature,  but  the  oil-tubes  are  2  or  :i  in  the  intervals,  and 
I  on  the  commissural  side.  Mature  fruit  may  show  specific  distin«'tions. 
Distributed  as  CxridK  duirdiiiri. 


114 

').  E.  Californicus.  Thix-c  or  loiii-  feet  higli:  leaf-divisions 
piiiiKitel}  compouiul;  se<;iiients  line:ir,  half  to  an  inch  long,  1  to 
1  f-2  lines  broad,  terminal  one  clonjj^atetl  ('2  to  -")  inches  long); 
uppermost  leaves  simple:  umbel  U  to  I'i-rayed,  with  prominent  in- 
volucre, and  involucels  of  numerous  scarious  lanceolate  long- 
acintiinatc  bractlets  8  lines  long;  rays  2  irches  long;  pedicels  8  to 
10  lines  long:  fiuit  lineur-oMong,  i  lines  long,  1]4  lines  broad:  oil- 
tuV>es  large,  solitary  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  commissural  side: 
sulcus  of  seed-face  deeper  than  in  other  species,  and  with  more 
proment  central  ridge.  (Fig.  ItiB. )  (Sluvropkyllum  (?)  Caf.ifor- 
iiicum  Torr.  I*;;cif.  R.  Re}>.  i\ .  98.  Poif^sciadmm  CaHfoniiciini 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  34(). 

California,  Knight's  Ferry,  .Stanihiaus  coiirily  [IJiuihiw.  in  iHJo),  Santa 
Lucia  Mtb.  ((V.  y^  VuHtu  227,  in  1><80,  dibtributed  as  Canim  Krilotfffii). 
Fl.  May. 

Until  Vascy's  collection  in  1880,  tliis  specic6>  was  known  only  iiora  the 
single  collection  of  Bigelow,  iu  1853.  In  the  character  of  single  oil-tuV^os  in 
the  intervals  it  differs  from  the  other  species,  but  so  closely  resembles 
them  in  every  other  detail  that  it  cannot  well  be  separated  from  them. 

38.  AXTHRISCUS  Hoffm.  Umb.  i.  88. -Resembling 
CJuvrophyUum  in  vegetative  characters. 

A.  Ckkki-oi-hm   Hoffm.  1.  c.  41.     Mature  fruit  smooth  and 
shining.      (Fig.  127.)  —  Chi.cropJiylhim  sativum  L. 
Naturalized  iu  E.  Pennsylvania  (  Thon.  C.  Porter). 

A.  s^i.xicsriiis  Hoffm.,  from  Europe,  has  been  collected  on 
ballast  ground  by  1.  C.  Martindale  near  Philadelphia,  and  bv  Ad- 
dison Brown  near  N.  V.  City. 

A.  \ri,(;.\ins  Pres:.,  from  1-Lurope,  is  s;ad  by  Prof.  Macoun  to 
be  introduced  at  Bedford,  X.  vS. 

3U.  BUPLEIRI'M  Linn.  Gen.  n.  82N.  ^Annuals  or  peren- 
nials, with  simple  entire  clasping  or  perfoliate  stem-leaves,  with  or 
without  an  involucre,  involucels  of  o  or  more  ovate  bractlets,  and 
yellow  flowers. 

The  genus  iluiilearam  contains  about  !Mi  desirribed  species,  which 
Benthara  Jc  Hooker  think  should  be  reduced  to  about  60.  Although  it  is 
called  by  these  authors  "(jcua>i  naturalissimuin,"  it  contains  the  most 
diverse  characters.  esj)ecially  in  fruit  structure,  characters  which  are 
usually  considered  generic.  Our  generic  description  applies  to  the  only 
two  species  found  in  our   flora,    one    introduced,    and  the  other  indigenous. 


iir. 

but  lltt.'V  art:  bu  widfly  (JilTfit'iit  tliiiL  tlu'v  si'i-iii  L<i  (Us-.frvr  goin-ntr  .scpuni  ■ 
tiou.  As  this  cHii  b«  determined.  liowwtM-.  only  .ifter  a  delniled  study  of 
the  nuniorous  foroij,'n  species,  we  pirtVi-  to  l<'nvi'  tliom  as  thoy  are  for  tlie 
prPi^ent. 

*  J*rrc.//i/iii/^  fro///  a  hraiirliiiii^'  tai(th\:  i nvo  iicrv  of  j  to  ■)" 
iDicifnal  bracis\  'hivoIhccIs  ofj^  to  S  rather  small  ovate  hrartit  ts : 
carpel  -vith  ftroniinent  rihs,  oil-t/thes  co)itiiiiioits  about  tJie  se.it- 
eavitv  ami  oite  III  each  ril>:  see^l -face  ['lane. 

I.      B.   Americanum.      Radical  Icnvos   liiK-ar-lanccolatc;  cmi- 
linc  ones  very  \ari:iMc,  oblong    to    lincai",    more    or    less  clasplnj;: 
r:ivs  unequal    %    t<*  '-   inches  lon^-;   pedicels  short.     (V'\'^.  I'iR. ) 
li.  ranuHculohles  of  American  authors,  not  L, 

.\laska  (  f/(///  iSc  Colli ey  hothrork,  Se/ncathtt,  Miiir.  elt-.);  niouiitainb  of 
X.  W.  Territory  {Hooker.  Dawxou):  mountains  of  Montana  and  Yrilowstone 
Park  {Coiitler.  ('aiihii.  SrrHnnr.  Tin;;!,,.  I'linii.  i>te.)  Fl.  July  and 
August. 

This  species  is  so  variui)le  in  foliage  tiiat  varieties  would  seem  admis^H- 
ible.  Ilesemblanee  to  the  European  li.  rniiniui<'oiile.H  \h  yvoW  shown  l»y 
low  forms  with  rather  snui  11  oblong  thin  leaves  and  <|uite  prominent  hraet- 
lets;  whilo  more  abundant  in  collections  are  the  largei  forms  with  elongated 
linear-lanceolate  rather  rigid  stem-leaves  and  smaller  bractlets.  In  the 
EuropeaJi  species  referred  to,  and  to  which  our  speei<;s  has  been  heretofore 
referred,  the;  oil-tubes  are  large  and  solitary,  v.liile  in  our  species  thev  aie 
so  numerous  (about  2'>)  as  to  be  continuous  about  the  seed-cavitv.  In 
habit  there  is  a  close  resemblance  to  the  European  species. 

*  *  Aiiunal:  iiivolnrre  iio>u\  involncels  of  ^  very  eons plcn- 
oiis  ovate  /Nuerouate  />raetlets :  carpels  -lith  very  slender  r/bsy  anj 
no  oil  tubes:  secii-facc  son/ezv/zat  concave. 

B.  uoTUNOiior.irM  L.,  with  ovate  perfoliate  leaves,  is  intro- 
diiced  from  Europe,  and  is  very  common  in  fields  and  cultivated 
f^round,  from  New  York  to  N.  Carolina,  and  westward  to  Ar- 
kansas and  Missouri.     (  Fig.  129.) 

B.  I'noTRAci  r.M  IJnk,  wliich  differs  from  the  last  chietly  in 
its  tuberculate  fruit,  has  been  collected  on  ballast  groi.ncl  near 
Philadelphia  by  Mr.  Martindale. 

40.  CILlCROPHVLLrM  Linn.  (Jen.  n.  :{:.S.  Annr.aU, 
in  moist  ground,  with  ternatcly  decompound  lea\es,  pinnatifid 
leartets  with  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  usnalU  no  iiuohicrc,  in\olucels 
of  many  bractlets,  and  white  llosvtis. 


lie. 

I.  C.  procumbens  Cianl/,  I'mhcl,  77.  More  Of  k-ss 
haiiv:  stems  slender,  sprejuliM<j^,  (\  to  IS  inches  high:  umlwl  sessile 
or  pedunclcd,  few-rayed:  rays  1  to  "j  inches  long:  pedicels  from 
4  lines  long  to  almost  wanting:  fruit  (in  the  type)  narrowK 
ohlong,  2 '2  to  i\}4  lines  long,  glabrous,  contracted  but  not  taper- 
ing at  summit,  intervals  broader  than  the  ribs:  seed-face  deeply 
sulcate.     (Fig.  180.) 

\ew  York  to  New  Jersey  niul  \.   Carolinji.  and   wcstwaid  lo  MichiKari. 
Iowa,  Arkansas,  and  Mississippi. 

We  consider  this  polymorplious  species  to  inoliide  all  our  forms  of 
Chtnopln/Hinti.  The  only  characters  that  can  be  used  to  separate  them 
specifically  nuist  be  drawn  from  the  beaking  of  the  fruit,  the  size  of  the 
ribs,  and  the  depth  of  the  sulcus  of  the  seed-face.  Isolated  specimens  can 
be  selected  wliich  seem  distinct  enough  in  these  particulars,  but  a  study  of 
a  great  number  of  specimens  from  all  regions  shows  an  inextricable  running 
together,  and  it  seems  impossible  to  draw  specific  lines.  Characters  that 
have  been  useil  to  define  species  are  found  displayed  on  the  same  plant. 
Owing  to  intergrading  forms  even  vjirieties  cannot  in  all  cases  be  distinctly 
set  apart,  but  the  following  extreme  foims  may.  in  some  cases,  be  distin- 
guished from  the  specific  type  by  means  of  mature  fruit. 

Var.  Shortii  Torr.  tK:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  (>87,  has  moje  broadly 
oblong  to  ovate  (often  somewhat  pubescent)  fruit,  not  at  all  con- 
tracted at  summit. 

Kentucky  lo  Arkansas  and  Louisiana. 

Var.  Tainturieri  C.  t^   R.  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.   1(50,  has  fruit 
tapering    at    summit   or   beaked,    ribs  very    prominent  and  mucii 
))roader  than    the  intervals,  and  seed-face  with  a  shallower  sulcus. 
(Fig.  181.)— C.   7a/u/ffr/rr/  Hook. 
From  Florida  to  Texas. 

^'ar.  dasycarpum  C  iS:  R.  1.  c,  differs  from   the  preceding 

Narictv  in  ha\  iiig  ])ubcsccnt  fruit,  with  ribs  prominent  but  nar- 
rower than  the  intei\als.  ( I' ig.  18*i.) — C.  Tainturieri^  var.  Jasy. 
carp  inn  Hook. 

Tex'Ai^  (T{(tll  2M).  "pubescent  form,"  and  /.//((//</ ///m/- inc.)  and  Louis- 
iana, near  New  Orleans  (Dnnmnotnl  \'M\). 

41.  OSMORIIIZA  Raf.  in  DC.  Prod.  iv.  L^8*i.— Glabrous 
to  hirsute  perennials,  from  thick  aromatic  roots,  1  to  8  feet  high, 
with  ternatelv  decompound  leaves,  ovate  variously  toothed  leaflets, 
involucre  and  involuccls  few-leaved  or  wanting,  and  white 
flowers    in     few-rayed     and     few-fruited     umbels. — Incl.     Glycos- 


117 

nut  Null.,  I'oiT.  <V  (Jiiiy,  I'l.  i.  <>;{«>:  ivfrm.l  I..  . I/, •/■/■///>  l>v  Ul-iuIi. 
cV  llook.  (Jen.  IMaiil.  i.  SU7.  Myrr/iis  ^  Clycsiiia  (ir;i\.  Proc. 
Am.  Ac:ul.  vii.  ;U(*.. 

Tliis  t,'emis  is  woll  rircumsi  rilicd,  iioL  only  liy  il8  liiiit  Ktniclur*'.  but 
also  by  its  geiUMiil  hahit.  In  the  ()ii«iii;il  drscnption  of  ^'/i/ro^Hin  Xutt. 
tlio  autliors  nolo  its  ilosi>  rfhitionsliip  to  ()>iiiii>iliiz(i.  p()intiiig  out  that  it 
ilinVis  "ill  its  «lal»roiis  fiiiit.  .I(>presst-(1  stylopodiun).  and  the  abstmce  of 
iiivoliicels."  Tlio  disfovcMV  of  sprcics  since  then  liiis  broki'ii  down  tliosf 
tharaeters  eomplotidv:  for  '•'  niuhiiiiui  lias  fruit  sonn-tinios  Juistly.  u. 
Di-rifh  iitnliK  oftiMi  has  a  conical  stylopodiuni.  O.  hrtichuimihi  a  somewhat 
depressed  one,  O.  inula  rarely  has  involnct-ls.  and  in  (•'.  (x-ciflfiiliiliM  they 
are  sometimes  found.  In  the  description  of  O.  hikIh  Toir.  I'acif.  K.  Iieji. 
iv.  !):,,  tlie  author  remarks  that  "tliis  species  is  intermediate  between 
<>Minnrliizii  and  (IhjvitHiini.  Tlio  two  genera  should  peihaps  be  united." 
This  was  said  in  view  of  the  combination  in  the  new  sp^ ( ies  of  the  bristly 
fruit  of  the  former  with  the  stylopodiuni  and  .absence  «)f  involucre  of  the 
latter.  Bentham  .V  Hooker,  in  tlrnpia  Plniitunim.  refer  the  (.'hienMiini 
species  to  Murrh'm  Scop.,  but  fail  to  modify  their  description  so  as  to  iii- 
rlude  them.  The  winK-liki>  ribs,  prominent  involucels,  numerous  and  much 
cut  lea\es  of  Marrliis  do  not  apply  to  <ll!ic(t.siii<(:  a  dUTercnce  whi(  h  is  still 
further  emphasi/.ed  by  the  internal  structure  of  the  fruit.  Dr.  Gray,  to 
reconcile  this  discrepancy,  in  Proc.  Am.  Acr.d.  vii.  :>4!i.  proposed  a  ^  (iUfcon- 
iitfi  under  Mi/rrln'M.  characterized  so  as  to  includ(^  our  (ili/rDMiiui  speci  ?s: 
liut  in  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  :J8fi.  he  withdrew  (,'lj/coMmii  from  Mi/rrhiH.  and 
affirmed  a  much  closer  alliance  foi-  it  to  Osmorhiza  (also,  see  Watson.  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  26:?).  although  still  retaining  it  as  an  independent  genus.  This 
view  was  obtained  from  the  study  of  the  ntnv  (I'ljronnut  (Dnhiftnuiii.  That 
^'/i/crwHi<»  is  distinct  from  .Vy/rcA/V*  is  abundantly  evident  for  the  reasons 
given  above,  strengthened  as  they  are  by  the  fact  that  the  prominent 
groups  of  strengthening  cells  are  not  found  in  the  pericarp  t»f  .>///»•  rA/.s  as 
in  OKworliiza  ar.(\  ^7//co.s//(((,  but  almost  in  the  tips  ot  the  wing-like  ribs. 
In  reference  to  the  distinction  between  (lljicoHiKt  and  Osnunliizii,  Di.  Gray 
(1.  c)  says  "the  cardinal  characteristic  of  0«hm)/-/m>«  is  the  caudate  atten- 
uation of  the  base  of  the  carpels.  (•'Inroxma  has  none  of  this,  but  the  base  is 
abrupt  and  obtuse."  While  this  distinction  is  apparent  between  such 
extreme  species  as  ().  hrKrislj/h's  and  ^'.  nccidentalin,  the  "caudate  atten- 
\uition"  of  OA<»ior/(/.r(f  becomes  a  very  short  stout  hast}  in  (>.  hrachi'podn. 
while  the  "abrupt  and  obtuse  base"  of  iilijcdsiiKi  liocomes  acute  in  (,'. 
iiiiilii(iiittiH.  A  generic  line  drawn  between  O.  In-ticlniiunlit  and  <!.  nmhi- 
tiiiiiiii  would  be  extremely  arbitraiy. 

*      Fritit    -cil/i    proiiiiiu'iit  r(i//(/ir/c    oNrin/ah'oi/    (_>   to  4  liiifs 
loiiii  )  ot  hasi\  very  hristiy. 

1.     O.   nuda  Ton-.  l':icif.    K.    Kcp.   iv.    '.i;'..      Rather    slcmlcr, 
somewhat  pulK'scciit  or  j^hil)roiis:   IcaNcs   twice    Icrnalc;  Ifalk-ts  ^2 


UN 

to  2  inches  long,  aciitt-  oi'  ()l)tii>c,  tooti-jcd  iiiul  cleft:  iiinhcl  Imv^- 
ped uncled,  8  to  O-raycd,  mostly  naked;  rays  slender,  spreading,  *i 
to  4  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  12  lines  long:  fruit  (not  including 
the  attenuate  hase  )  ")  to  (3  lines  long,  about  a  line  wide,  with  not  \  erv 
prominent  ribs,  and  small  groups  of  strengthening  cells:  stylopo- 
dium  and  style  but  a  quarter  line  long,  the  former  short  conical: 
seed -face  concave.  (  Fig.  188. )  —  O.  i>revistv/Is  Torr.  A:  Grn\-,  Fl. 
i.  038,  in  part. 

In  the  mountains,  from  S.  California  to  Alasiia.  and  eastward  lo  Itali. 
Colorado.  Montana,  and  Lake  Winnipeg  {Moronm.     Fl  May  and  Junr. 

2.  O.  brevistylis  DC.  Prodr.  iv.  282.  Rather  stout,  vil- 
lous-pubescent:  leaves  2  to  8-ternate;  leaflets  2  to  8  inches  long, 
acuminate,  much  cleft  and  toothed:  umbel  4  to  <)-rayed,  with  invol- 
ucre and  involucels  of  few  bracts;  rays  stout,  somewhat  spreading, 
1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  8  to  5  Viw^s  long:  fruit  (  not  including  the 
attenuation)  6  lines  long,  a  line  or  mi)rc  wide,  with  irore  promi- 
nent ribs,  and  large  groui^s  of  strengthening  cells:  stylopodium 
and  style  half  line  long,  the  former  slender  conical :  seed-face 
more  deeply  coiicave.     (Fig.  184,) 

Throughout  the  northern  states  and  Canada,  extending  southward 
akmg  the  mountains  to  N.  Carolina.     Fl.  May  and  .Tune. 

8.  O.  longistylis  DC.  Prodr.  iv.  282.  Stout,  from  sweet 
aromatic  roots,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent:  leaves,  umbels,  and 
fruit  as  in  the  preceding:  stylopodium  slender  conical,  half  lijic 
long,  with  style  a  line  or  more  long:  seed-face  more  deeply  and 
broadly  concave.     (Fig.  185.) 

Throughout  the  northeastern  states  and  Canada,  extending  southward 
to  Virginia  and  Tennessee,  and  westward  to  Dakota  an<l  N.  W.  Territory 
{^faf■o^^u). 

*  *      Pruit  ii'/t/io/(t  caudate  atteitiiation  at  base. 

4.  O.  brachypoda  Torr.  in  Durand,  Pi.  Pratt.  H\).  Stout, 
from  sweet  aromatic  roots,  pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous: 
leaves  ternate'.y  compound  (often  appearing  pinnate  after  the  tlrst 
di\ision);  leaflets  an  inch  or  so  long,  acute,  laciniately  lobed  or 
toothed:  umbel  1  to  4-rayed,  with  involucre  and  in\olueels  of 
linear  bracts,  the  latter  ecpialling  or  exceeding  the  flowers;  rays 
\]/2  to  4c  inches  long;  pedicels  about  a  line  long:  fruit  C  to  8  lines 
long,  2  lines  wide,  short  attenuate  at  b.ise,  rough-bristly  on  the 
very  prominent  ribs;  groups  of  strengthening  cells  large:  stylopo- 


119 

(liiini  and  st\  If  half    line    l«>ii<4',    the    former    somewhat  (lei)resse(l: 
seed-face  very  deeply    concave,    neaily   enclosino-   a  central  cavity, 

( Fig.  vm. ) 

California,  Nevada  Co.  («/f/f:/«,r,  I', a  I  ten),  Sniit^i  Clara  Valley  ( (Voof/- 
ii'a),  MonUney  (P<(rrii.  Lemmoit).  Santa  Barbara  Co.  ( Fon/),  and  Kerii  Co. 
(  /'((/m/i  itH.-i  aiKl  r.tl.".).     Fl.  May. 

'■").  O.  ambigua.  (ilahrons,  or  hairy  near  the  nodes:  leaves 
2  to  ;}-ternate:  leaHets  1  to  'J  inciies  long,  acute,  shortly  toothed  or 
cleft:  iimhcl  \  to  8-rayed,  naked;  rays  about  2  inches  or  more  long, 
somewhat  spreading;  pedicels  1  to  ;i  lines  long:  fruit  H  to  7  lines 
long,  \\A  lines  wide,  acntisli  at  l)ase,  sometimes  bristly,  with  ribs 
and  groups  of  strengthening  cells  prominent:  st\le  hall' line  long; 
seed-face  concave.  Glytosiiia  a/i/bio/t/aii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad, 
vii.  38«. 

California  iK'IU>ilU  a-  Iln,j,n,h.  Oregon  ( //<W/ 1' 17,  Ifinrrll,  Ifcmlirsoin, 
and  Wabliinyton  Territoiy,  Falcon  Valloy  i  Siil.-silorf.  Hcinli  rsoii).  Fl. 
Apiil  to  .Tune. 

H.  O.  OCCidentalis  Torr.  Me\.  Boi.md.  "il.  Kather  stout, 
puberulent  or  pubescent:  leaves  'i  or  8-ternate;  leaflets  1 14  to  4 
inches  long,  ;icute,  coarselv  serrate,  rarely  incised:  umbel  5  to  12- 
rayed,  nxked  or  with  1  or  2  iinolucral  bracts;  rays  1  to  T)  inches 
long,  mostly  erect;  })cdicels  1  to  :»  lines  long:  fruit  7  to  12  lines 
long,  1 14  lines  wide,  obtuse  at  base,  glabrous,  with  prominent 
acute  ribs,  and  smaller  groups  of  stiengthening  cells:  st\loj)odium 
and  st^'le  ?.j  to  1  line  lonj^-,  the  foiiner  mostly  conical :  seed-face 
more  concave.  (  I'^ig.  I'i7.  )  •  (i/yros'i.a  orcidcNia/c  Xutt.  in  Torr. 
A:  Gray,  I'l.  i.  n8».t.  A/vrr/tis  orriJriitalis  licnlh.  .K;  Hook.  Gen, 
PI.  i.  8'.»7. 

California,  Oiogon  i  Sitahlin;/).  and  Wafiliington  Jeiiitorv  iHoinll. 
ftnt.ideuef),  eii.iii\viiu\  to  Nevada  (  Wultinii).  S.  Vtali  ^  I'lifnj).  Walisatrh 
Mt.s-  {Huokrr  iv  (iron)-  and  Montana  (CunOii-   Wn'smi).    Fl.  Jinit^  to  August. 

Very  vHriable  in  puljoscenee.  sizo  of  loatlcts,  and  length  of  pedieels. 
An  rxtrcMie.  Init  not  distinct  liinn  is 

\'.i\.  Bolanderi,  witl)  widel\  spreading  ra\'s,  short  pedicels, 
and  more  obtuse  ribs.-  .)/v^/'///.v  Bulandcr'i  Cjr.i\-,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  \  ii.  H4<*i.      (tlycosnni  /yo/atn/cri  (irav.  I.e.  \  iii.  8S(k 

M<Midocir.o  couniv,  Caliloinia  ;  llnhnnh  r^. 


120 

42.  VEL.EA  DC.  Prodr.  iv.  230.— Glabrous  or  pubescent 
perumiials,  from  thick  elongated  roots,  with  mostly  radical  pinnate 
or  ternate  leaves,  involucre  present  or  wanting,  conspicuous  invol- 
ucels,  and  yellow  flowers. — Dcivcya  Torr.  and  Gray,  Fl.  i.  641. 
Arracacia  iJenth.  i\:  Hook.  (ien.  Plant,  i.  S.S4,  in  part. 

There  is  no  doubt  lliat  our  spt'cies  that  liave  been  dew-ribed  und<'r 
hcirvtjii  are  the  .•saiuc  geiieiically  as  the  Mexiean  Vchru,  ar.d  as  such  must 
bear  tlio  older  name.  Beiitham  A:  Hooker  have  referred  the  j,'roup  to  Ai- 
raraiio.  from  which  it  seems  to  us  sullieiently  distinct  to  be  retained  as  an 
independent  genus.  Watson  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  4i:»)  unwillingly  came  to 
tiie  same  conclusion  and  transferred  the  more  recent  species  of  Deireifu  to 
Arntcdciu.  A  study  of  the  internal  fruit-structures  emphasis^es  a  distinc- 
tion which  seemed  to  be  too  sliglit  upon  external  characters.  The  genus, 
although  somewhat  polymorphous  in  habit,  is  consistent  enough  even  in 
that  regard,  with  its  thick  elongated  roots,  mostly  radical  pinnate  or  ter- 
nate leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.  The  contrasting  characters  with  A»ru- 
rarid  are  as  follows:  Arnieinhi  lias  a  som-^what  beaked  fruit,  with  broad 
corky  e<iually  distant  ribs  (giving  a  i>entagonal  carpel  section),  a  prominent 
well  defined  group  of  strengthening  cells  beneath  each  rib,  single  large  oil- 
tubes  in  the  intervals,  and  a  conical  stylopodium.  YeUca  has  beakless 
fruit,  with  filiform  unequally  placed  ribs  (the  dorsal  being  approximate), 
very  small  ill-defined  groups  of  strengthening  cells,  numerous  oil-tubes 
(in  some  cases  almost  continuous),  and  a  depressed  stylopodium.  The 
character  of  dorsally  suleate  or  terete  seeds  has  been  used,  but  adds  noth- 
ing, as  any  large  solitary  oil-tube  may  have  a  sulcus  developed  beneath  it. 
Numerous  intervallate  oil-tube^  never  are  accompanied  by  a  dorsally  sul- 
eate seed.  The  result  is  that  Aintcurhi  nnxy  or  may  not  have  dorsally 
hulcate  seeds,  whih;  Velauiwyav  has;butthis  is  only  another  way  of  saj'ing 
that  the  former  has  large  solitary  oil- tubes  in  the  intervals,  and  the  latter 
numerous  oil-tubes. 

I.  V.  arguta.  One  to  2  feet  high,  glabrous,  mostly  with  a 
few  cai'line  leaves:  leaves  simply  pinnate;  leaflets  o  to  7,  ovate,  1  to 
1  ^^  inches  long,  the  lowest  pctiolulate  and  often  subcordate,  finely 
and  sharply  mucronate-serrate,  the  terminal  often  3-lobed :  umbel 
12  to  10-rayed,  mostly  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  few 
linear  acuminate  bractlets;  rays  2  to  8  inches  lontr;  pedicels  short: 
calyx-teeth  prominent:  fruit  oblong,  smooth,  2'.^  to  3i/2  lines  long, 
acutely  ribbed:  oil-tubes  3  to  5  in  the  intervals,  4  to  6  on  the  com- 
missural side. — Dcxccya  argitta  Torr.  <Jv:  Gra}  ,  Fl.  i.  041.  Arra- 
cacia arguta  Benth.  «&  Hook.  Gen.  Plant,  i    8S'». 

Mountains  of  S.  California  il'urrii  a-  Lemmini  I-lSi.  Bifieloic,  Palmer 
ll(»a,  /'o;-/.s/(  !)7!i):  "N.  Oalit."  i  Xulhill);  also  in  Lower  California  (  0/t»// 
!M)7). 


121 

2.  V.  Hartwagi.  Mostly  acaulcscciil,  1  tw  2  feet  hio|i, 
ir.iiuitel}  scaln-ous  throughout:  leaves  bitcrnatc  and  cjuinatc  (ulti- 
mate segments  more  or  less  eonHuent);  leaflets  ovate,  1  to  2  inches 
long,  acute  at  base,  more  coarsely  and  deeply  mucronate-serrate 
and  lobed:  umbel  If)  to  20-rayed,  mostly  with  no  involucre,  and 
involucels  of  prominent  foliaceous  linear-oblong  leHexed  bractlets 
on  one  side  of  the  umbellets;  lays  2l4  to  4  inches  long;  pedicels 
short:  fruit  nearly  orbicular,  snu)oth,  H  or  4  lines  long,  2i^  to  8 
lines  broad,  sharply  ribbed:  oil-tubes  ){  in  the  dorsal  intervals,  5 to6 
in  the  laterals,  8  to  10  on  the  commissural  side.  (  Fig.  138.) — 
Dewcva  Ilartxvegl  Gray,  Troc.  Am.  Acad.  \  ii.  842.  Arracacia 
Hartzvegl  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  415. 

Califoinia.  Lower  Sacramento  yHarUv*y),  near  San  Francisco  {Kelloinn, 
on  Whipple  Exped.  {Bigeloici,  lintte  and  Placer  counties  (3/(vs.  R.  M.  Aun- 
lin),  Mariposa  Co.  (./.  W.  Coni/don),  Kern  Co.  iPiuinh  liCJ'J.  distributed  as 
Deweya  argutu),  San  Fclii)0  {Mik.  A.  K.  Bnish).     Fi.  April  to  June. 

8,  V.  Kelloggii.  Acaidescent  or  nearly  so,  mostly  pu- 
bcrulent,  more  slender:  leaves  triternate;  leaflets  ovate,  half  to  less 
than  an  inch  long,  mostly  8-lobed :  umbel  8  to  l(i-rayed,  mostly 
with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  small  linear  bractlets;  rays  1  to 
8  inches  long:  fruit  1  or  2  lines  long,  almost  as  broad,  somewhat 
notched  at  base,  with  filiform  ribs:  otherwise  like  the  last.  (Fig. 
189.) — Deweya  Kelloggii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  .Vcad.  vii.  848. 
Arracacia  Kelloggii  Watson,  Proc.  \m.  Acad.  xxii.  415. 

California,  about  San.  Francisco  and  BolinasBay  (KvWogg  i(- Boliimiir), 
Veliihim-d  (J.  W.  Congdon),  San  Luis  Ubitpo  (Jo/*r.s);  Oregon,  Waldo  and 
Gi-ave  Creek  Hills  (HoweU).  Glendale  {Houell  d-  Ait<hrsoii). 

Some  of  the  Oregon  forms  are  glabrous. 

4.  V.  Parishii.  (Jlalirous  throughout,  nearly  acaulescent, 
about  a  foot  high:  leaves  thickish,  ternate-pinnatifid,  the  segments 
ovate,  irregularly  cuspidate-toothed  and  lobed,  with  rexolutc  mar- 
gins: umbel  about  2()-rayed,  with  no  involucre  and  involucels  of 
few  setaceous  bractlets;  rays  2  inches  or  more  long;  pedicels  about 
4  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  prominent:  fruit  (immature)  oblong,  gla- 
brous, about  3  lines  long,  with  prominent  ribs:  oil-tubes  3  or  4  in 
the  intervals,  4  or  5  on  the  commissural  side. 

Southern  California  {Parry  A  Lemmon,  in  1876 >,  San  Bernardino  Mts. 
(.S.  B.  d-  W.  F.  Parish  !»78  and  1827,  in  June  18S1  and  188(;,  distributed  as 
CymopleruM  (erebinlhiniiH).  Long  Meadow,  Tulare  county,  8-!)00ti  feet  alt. 
il)r.  E.  Pnhiu.:  July.  18ss). 


122 

This  specie'!?  hus  tlic  most  stronyly  latoially  llaltciicd  caipols  in  the 
genus. 

'").  V.  Howellii.  Glabrous  throughout,  short  caulescent,  2 
or  vj  inches  high:  leaves  I  or  2,  thickish,  about  1 1/^  inches  long, 
with  ovate  outline,  pinnatifid,  the  oblong  segments  irregularly  cus- 
jjidate-toothcd  and  lobed,  with  revolute  margins:  umbel  8  to  0- 
ra}  ed  (sometimes  with  1  or  2  sessile  umbellets),  with  no  involucre, 
and  involucels  exceedingly  prominent,  being  exactly  like  the 
leaves  and  forming  the  principal  part  of  the  foliage  of  the  plant; 
rays  fi  to  8  lines  long;  pedicels  about  a  line  long:  calyx-teeth 
prominent:  fruit  (immature)  oblong,  glabrous,  a  line  long:  oil- 
tubes  several  in  the  intervals, 

Alpine,  top  of  Siskiyou  mountains,  Oregon,  July  2<t,  1S87  { lloinll  111). 

Tliis  interesting  alpine  Vehia  closely  resembles  1'.  Parish iiC  k  11. 
in  foliage.     Its  dwarf  liabit  and   remarkable  involucels  well  characterize  it. 

<*>.  V.  vestita.  Acaulescent,  2  to  4  inches  high,  densely 
clothed  throughout  with  white  soft  spreading  hairs:  leaves  pin- 
nately  compound,  with  numerous  crowded  confluent  oblong  seg- 
ments: umbel  10  to  Lj-rayed,  with  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of 
numerous  lanceolate  bractlets;  n;ys  4  to  <S  lines  long;  fruit 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  sterile  pedicels  i\  to  i)  lines  long:  fruit 
ovate-oblong,  pubescent,  2  to  %]4  lines  long,  \%  lines  broad,  with 
inconspicuous  ribs:  oil-tubes  8  to  4  in  the  intervals,  8  on  the  com- 
missural side.  (Fig.  \Jt().)~Dcu'cya  vcstiia  Watson,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xvii.  87<3.     Arracacia  vestita  Watson,  1.  c.  xxii.  415. 

California,  San  Bernardino  mountains  ^^.S'.  B.  a-  ^V.  F.  Purlnh),  Long 
MeadoAv.  Tulare  county,  .S-!iOO(»  feet  alt.  {J)r.  K.  I'uhinr,  July,  1888). 

48.  MUSEXIOPSIS.— Glabrous  perennials,  from  thick 
elongated  roots,  with  radical  pinnate  leaves,  no  involucre,  involu- 
cels of  few  small  bractlets,  and  yellow  flowers. — IJased  upon 
'Jaitschia  {M/isotiopsis)  Texatia  Gray,  PI.  Lindh.  ii,  211. 

The  fact  that  this  can  be  made  an  outlying  member  of  several  genera 
and  a  satisfactory  member  of  none  suggests  the  propriety  of  i-solating  it 
and  thus  making  more  consistent  generic  groupings.  It  bi-ings  trouble  into 
every  genus  undei-  which  it  can  be  placed,  and  thus  seems  to  prove  its 
right  to  generic  independence.  First  placed  under  7't/«6c/'./a  by  Gray,  it 
differs  from  that  genus  ciiieHy  in  its  numerous  small  oil-tubes,  instead  of 
solitary  large  ones,  and  ir^  not  having  an  involute  seed-face,  deferred  to 
Eulophiis  by  Benthani  &  Hooker,  its  deeply  and  narrowly  sulcate  seed^ 
face  at  once  contradicts  the  broad  and  shallow  sulcus  of  that  genus,  to  say 


12^ 

nothing  ()f  its  lutmally  llaltoiied  cjiiix-ls.  yt^lluw  lluwcrs.  ami  gt-noial  luiltit. 
ft  sct'ni>3  to  LM>inci(le  ill  cliaracteis  iiiuist  with  \'rl<rti,  Iml  i.s  at  vaiiaiic*'  in 
the  most  inipoitant  cliaractcr  in  that  gi.'iius,  viz:  a  strongly  involute  .st'fd. 
I'lU'losing  a  eeiitiai  cavity.  Ahiiost  ichMitical  in  habit  with  .\[imf  ninnt.  its 
t-aipels  aro  llattenc  I  laterally  instead  of  dorsally,  the  seed-face  is  not  so 
l>rondly  but  more  deeply  concave,  the  intermediate  ribs  dike  TV/rrn)  are 
much  nearer  the  dorsal  tlian  the  laterals,  instead  of  iieing  eipiidistant,  its 
oil-tubes  arc  more  nniforin  in  size,  and  its  calyx-teeth  are  obsolete.  It  also 
simulates  Alchx  iicunHx  in  general  api)earance,  but  differs  radically  in 
fruit  structure.  Such  a  combination  of  resemblances  and  differences  can 
best  be  expressed  by  an  indepeiident  genus,  and  hence  we  us(»  Grays 
section  name  under  Tini>«-lii(t  and  raise  it  to  generic  rank. 

1.  M.  Texana.  Acaulesccnt:  scape  2  to  H  inches  high, 
longer  than  th(;  lca\  es,  somewhat  scahrous  at  base  of  umbels: 
leaves  5  to  7-pinnate;  lower  pinna-  petiohilate,  pinnatch'  parted ; 
segments  cuneiform,  8  to  r)-clcft:  umbel  ~)  to  S-rayed:  fruit  ^  ^j 
lines  long.  (Fig.  141.)  -'/'ausrliia  Tcxaiia  (»rav,  PI.  Liiulh.  ii. 
211.  Eulofhns  Tesaiiiis  IJenth.  .K:  Hook.  (Jen.  Plant,  i.  SHri. 
Western  Texas,  and  extending  iiito  Mexico.     Fl.  .Tuly. 

44.  CONIUM  Linn.  Gen.  n.  830, — Poisonous  biennials, 
with  spotted  stems,  large  decompond  leaves  with  lanceolate  pin- 
natilid  leaflets,  involucre  and  imolucels  of  narrow  bracts,  and 
white  flowers. 

C.  MAcLLA'iiM  L.  A  large  branching  l^uropean  herb,  in 
waste  places  throughout  the  northeastern  states  and  Canada;  also 
found  in  California.     Fl.  July.     (Fig.  142.) 

45.  SIUM  Linn.  Gen.  n.  848. — Smooth  perennials  growing 
in  water  or  wet  places,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  serrate  or  pinnatifid 
leaflets,  involucre  and  involuccls  of  numerous  narrow  bracts,  and 
white  flowers. 

Bonthani  &  Hooker  refer  our  two  species  of  .S'/»m  to  Apiittn;  but  they 
seem  abundantly  distinct,  as  indicated  by  Watson,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  261.  The 
oil-tubes  are  never  solitary  in  all  the  intervals,  and  the  prominent  grou|i 
of  strengthening  cells  in  the  outer  edge  of  each  rib,  as  well  as  the  broad 
intervals,  still  further  emphasizes  the  distinction.  There  is  no  better  de- 
fined generic  group  than  that  formed  by  our  two  species  of  Sium,  being  so 
nearly  identical  in  fruit  and  so  easily  separated  from  all  other  genera. 

1.  S.  cicutaefolium  Gmclin.  Syst.  ii.  482.  Stout,  2  to  (S 
feet  high:  leaflets  3  t(j  8  pairs,  linear  to  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate 


124 

and  mcysly  acuminate,  2  to  5  inches  long  (lower  leaves  sometimes 
submersed  and  finely  dissected,  as  in  the  next ):  umbel  many-rryed; 
rays  1  to  Ij^  inches  long;  pedicels  1  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  li4  lines 
long,  with  prominent  ribs:  oil-tubes  2  to  6  on  the  commissural 
side.  (Fig.  148.) — vS".  linearc  Michx.  Y\.  \.  1<)7.  Aphnii  I'meare 
Henth.  cS:  Hook.  Gen.  Plant,  i.  888  and  898. 

Apparently  throughout  Noith  America. 

The  forms  with  submersed  dissected  leaves  are  from  S.  Illinois 
{Srhneck).  Wisconsin  (La}th<im),  and  Turtle  Lake,  Mt.  Desert  iRedfiela). 

2.  S.  Carsonii  Durand,  Gray's  Manual,  196.  Weak,  1  to 
2  feet  high:  leaflets  1  to  3  pairs,  linear,  sharply  serrate.  1  to 2 inches 
long;  when  submersed  or  floating,  very  thin,  ovate  to  oblong, 
usually  laciniate-toothed  or  dissected,  the  leaf  sometimes  reduced 
to  the  terminal  leaflet:  umbel  fewer  (10  to  15)-rayed;  rays  about 
an  inch  long;  pedicels  1  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  smaller,  about  a  line 
long,  with  less  prominent  ribs:  oil-tubes  2  to  4  on  the  commissural 
side.  (Fig.  144.) — Apium  Carsonii  Benth.  &  Hook.  1.  c. 
Pennsylvania,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  and  Massachusetts. 

46.  APIUM  Linn.  Gen.  n.  867. — Erect  or  prostrate  gla- 
brous herbs,  with  pinnately  or  ternately  divided  leaves,  and  umbels 
of  white  flowers  opposite  the  leaves. 

1.  A.  leptOphyllum  F.  Muel.,  Benth.  Fl.  Austral,  iii.  872. 
A  few  inches  to  two  feet  high:  leaves  ternately  divided  into 
filiform  segments:  umbels  sessile  or  short-pedunculate:  Iruit  a 
line  long.     (Fig.  145.) — Helosciadium  leptophyllum  DC. 

Florida  to  Texas,  extending  north  to  "St.  Louis"  (NuttaU),  and  south- 
Wfstward  into  Mexico.  A  very  much  reduced  form  (2  to  3  inches  high)  was 
collected  by  Martindale  near  Long  Branch,  N.  J.,  August,  1S(;4. 

A.  NdDiM.OKUM  i3enth.  &  Hook.,  an  introduced  species  from 
Europe,  was  reported  first  by  Walter  as  very  abundant  around 
Charleston,  JS.  C,  but  was  not  afterwards  found  until  recently  col- 
lected by  Dr.  J.  H.  Mellichamp.  It  has  also  been  found  on  ballast 
near  Philadelphia  liy  Martindale.  It  grows  in  wet  places,  and 
has  simply  pinn.ite  leaves,  the  leaflets  being  oblong  and  serrate. 

A.  GUAVEoi.ENS  L.,  the  common  garden  celery,  is  a  native 
of  the  coasts  of  Europe,  but  has  become  widely  naturalized,  being 
reported  from  California,  in  salt  marshes  from  Santa  Barbara  to 
San  Diego,  also  from   San  Bernardino    {^Parish)  and    Ft.  Tejon; 


125 

also  colleclcd  on  ballast  near  Piiiladclphia  {Marliiulalc).  It  may 
be  recognlzetl  by  its  l)ianching  and  rather  leafy  habit, pinnate  leaves 
of  1  or  2  pairs  of  broadly  cnneate-obovatc  or  rhomboidal  lobcd  and 
toothed  leaflets.      It  is  much   changed  li\-  cultixation. 

A.  I'KTKOSKi.iNiM  L.,the  Cultivated  parsley,  anati\eof  the 
Mediterranean  region,  is  reported  by  }.  Donnell  Smith  from  Anne 
Arundel  county,  Maryland,  May  29,  1878;  and  by  Professor 
NTacoun,  as  having  become  spontaneous  in  Canada. 

A.  iu<:iM<:.\s  Reich.,  a  ICuropean  species,  has  been  found  on 
ballast  near  Philadelphia  (  Marlim/a/c). 

47.  HARBOTRIA.— Glabrous  perennials,  with  1  to  8 
leaves  which  are  ternately  decompound  and  vvitii  narrowly  linear 
or  filiform  segments,  involucre  and  involucels  of  few  subulate 
bracts,  and  long-peduncled  umbels  (mostly  in  pairs)  of  yellow 
flowers. 

First  collected  by  Hall  A-  Harbour,  to  the  latter  of  whom  it  is  dedi- 
cated, as  the  name  ffallia  is  preoccupied. 

1.  H.  trachypleura.  A  foot  or  more  higii:  leat-segments 
mucronnlate:  umbels  (mostly  2  long-peduncled  ones)  15  to  25-raycd  ; 
rays  an  inch  long;  pedicels  2  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  2  lines  long. 
(Fig.  146.) — Thasfhnn  trachyplcjirum  Gray,  Proc.  Acad.  Phi  lad. 
1868,  68.  Cicnta  (?)  trachyphura  Watson,  Ribl.  Index.  Polypet. 
417. 

In  the  foot-hills  of  the  mountains  of  Central  Colorado  (f/rt7/ tt- i/cn- 
//ojtr  215,  Pff ;•/•»/ loO,  etc.,  etc.)  to  New  Mexico  (F^w*/?^/- 277).  Fl.  May  to 
July. 

This  plant,  as  the  synomymy  shows,  has  been  referred  doubtfully  to  both 
TiKiMpiuin  and  Ciruf'M  Its  position  in  Tha><pium  must  have  been  among 
the  so-called  "apterous"  forms,  which  we  have  referred  to  Ziziu.  from 
which  genus  it  is  plainly  separated  by  its  much  more  prominent  corky  ribs, 
narrow  and  prominently  corky-thickened  commissural  face,  and  whole 
general  habit.  It  is  distinct  from  Cicntu  not  only  in  these  same  characters, 
but  also  in  its  more  laterally  llattened  fruit,  equal  ribs,  yellow  lioweis.  and 
habitat. 

48.  ALETES. — An  acaulescent  glabrous  perennial,  with 
pinnate  leaves,  broad  sharply  toothed  or  cut  rather  distant  leaflets, 
mostly  no  involucre,  and  involucels  of  lanceolate  bractlets  about 
equalling  the  yellow  fiowers. 


Rep. 

iv.  VI4. 

Orcos- 

848. 

Sesr 

'i  Hairu 

V,  1.  c 

887. 

Can/w 

41('.. 

Zn/a  IJallii 

12G 

1.  A.  acaulis.  Cespitosc,  with  peduncles  4  to  10  inches 
high,  often  much  longer  than  the  leaves:  leaflets  ovate,  inegularlv 
toothed  and  cut,  soinetimes  almost  pinnatitid:  umbel  8  to  ir)-raved; 
rays  5  to  10  lines  long:  fruit  almost  sessile,  1 '4  lines  long.  (Fig. 
147.)  —  Dewcya  {  ?)  aranlis  Torrey,  l*acif.  R, 
ciadhini  acaulc  Gray,  Proc.  .Vm.  Acad.  \\\ 
Gray,  1.  c.  viii.  288.  Miiscninni  (Ircowi  Gr:i 
(?)  Hallii  Watson,  15il>l.  Index.  Poly  pet. 
C.  k.  R.  Bot.  Ciazettcj  xii.  187,  foot-note. 

In  the  fool-hills  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.     Fl.  May. 

The  history  of  this  species  has  been  somewhat  remarkable.  Not  only  has 
it  been  referred  to  six  genera,  but  it  has  stood  under  three  of  them  at  the 
same  time,  lleferred  first  doubtfully  to  Jhweiia  by  Torrey  in  \s:>{;,  it  was 
transferred  by  Gray  to  OreoxciiuJiuin  in  ISCH.  It  then  turned  up  in  the  Hall 
X'  Harbour  collection  and  was  described  as  SeseJi  Hnllii  Gray  in  1S70.  A 
year  or  two  later  it  was  sent  to  Dr.  Gray  by  E.  L.  Greene,  and  appeared  in 
1S72  as  a  new  species  of  Mii-senium,  M.  Groenei  Gray.  At  this  time  the 
same  plant  was  appearing  in  our  publications  under  three  names,  Oreoft- 
eiadium  acaide,  Sencli  Hallii,  and  Muxe.ninm  Groeiiei.  all  of  Gray.  In  his 
Bibliographical  Index.  Watson  referred  it  doubtfully  to  Carnm,  as  ('.  (?) 
Hallii,  at  the  same  time  recogniznig  the  identity  of  Sef<eli  Hallii  and 
Mvseninm  Greenci,  and  (luoting  them  as  synonyms.  In  1K87,  however,  in 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  47.'),  Watson  records  the  identity  of  OreoHciadium 
acatile  with  his  Cam  in  (?)  Hallii,  ar.d  so  the  names  were  at  last  reduced  to 
one.  The  fruit  characters  are  those  of  Zizia,  and  if  they  are  to  dominate 
over  every  other  consideration  this  plant  must  be  a  Zizia,  as  we  suggested 
in  Bot.  Gazette,  xii.  i:i7.  But  no  character  should  be  used  too  arbitrarily, 
and  the  complete  disimilarity  of  habit  between  the  recognized  species  ot 
Zizia  and  this  species  seems  something  that  cannot  be  neglected.  If  such 
a  thing  is  to  be  neglected  in  this  case,  consistency  would  demand  a  con- 
solidation of  genera  such  as  we  are  not  at  present  disposed  to  accept. 
If  this  plant,  then,  is  not  a  Zizia,  nor  any  of  the  numerous  genera  pro- 
posed for  it,  a  genus  must  be  made  for  it,  for  surely,  if  a  plant 
does  not  satisfy  any  genus,  it  must  be  sui  r/eiwriH.  That  it  does 
not  satisfy  the  den)ands  of  any  recognized  genus  is  to  be  inferred 
from  its  strange  history;  but  it  may  be  proper  to  point  out  a  few  of  the 
reasons  why  it  t^annot  belong  to  any  of  the  genera  heretofore  proposed  for 
it.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  show  why  it  cannot  be  a  Velwu  (Deweua). 
From  Orcu»('i(uliiiin  it  differs  in  its  prominent  calyx-teeth,  pinnate  leaves, 
and  yellow  flowers;  from  Seneli  in  its  laterally  flattened  fruit,  yellow  flow- 
ers, and  whole  habit:  from  MitHnniuiii  in  its  much  more  prominent  ribs, 
strengthening  colls,  solitary  oil- tubes,  almost  plane  seed- face,  and  simpler 
leaves;  from  Varum  in  its  depressed  stylopodium,  yellow  flowers,  and  its 
general  habit.  Taking  its  habit  and  fruit  both  into  consideration  it  is  more 
nearly  related  to  Mu/tenium  than  any  other  genus.    For  the  reasons  given, 


127 

wo  propobo  for  it  a  new  genus.  Hit'  nanit<  of   wliieli  iiidifatcs  itb  changing 
liibtoiy. 

4'J.  ZIZIA  Koch,  Umbel.  IriU.  Sinooth  peicmiiiils  (1  to  8 
feet  higli),  with  mostly  Thaspium-like  leases,  no  involucre,  iiivol- 
iicels  of  small  bractlcts,  yellow  Howers,  and  central  fruit  of  each 
umbellct  sessile.— Flowers  in  earl}  spring-,  in  open  praiiies  and 
Mi)laiul  ir.eadows. 

In  separating  tile  species  of  Zizia  from  tlie  Thiisiiiiun  (nimnti  gmuit 
we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  M.  S.  Bebb  for  liis  field  note.s.  His  observations 
concerning  Uioir  decided  differences  in  liabitat  and  time  of  bioomiiig  very 
strongly  conllini  tlic  differences  discovered  in  fruit  structure. 

I.  Z.  aurea  Koch,  1.  c  Radical  leaves  \  cry  lon^j-petioled, 
all  but  the  uppermost  leaves  'J  to  ;5-ternate;  leaflets  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, sharply  serrate:  rays  IT)  to  2~),  stout,  1  to  2  inches  long:  fruit 
oblong,  about  2  lines  \ong.  (I' ig.  148.) — Tkaspium  aiircii'n^  var. 
aptcndii  Gray,  Manual,  T.to.  Car/i/i/  aiirciun  Benth.  &  Hook. 
(tcu.  Plant,  i.  SUl. 

Tlirougliout  Canada  and  tlie  Atlantit  States,  extending  westward  as 
far  as  Sasliateliewan  and  Texas. 

Altliough  Tlia-spiuiti  aiireniit  var.  uphiiiin  is  tlie  real  synonym  of  tlie 
species,  botanists  will  find  in  tlieir  lierbaria  many  specimens  of  Z'nla 
iniri'ii  lal)eled  Thasjiiimi  (iiiniuii  aim  7'.  Irifolialii m. 

Viu:  Bebbii  C.  A:  K.  lM)t.  (Ja/ette,  xii.  1:{S.  A  more  slender 
mountain  form,  witii  leaflets  nu)ie  coarsch  sei  rate  or  even  toothed, 
the  radical  leaves  sn.aller  and  more  simple:  rays  2  to  S,  slender, 
2  to  3  inches  long:  fruit  mostly  smaller,  oval,  1  to  l'^'  lines  long. 
West  Virginia  {('aiihi/),  \'irgiiiia,  N.  ("aroiina  (Huchhij.  Curtiss, 
('onbi/.  Mi'ehdii,  Porlir).  and  (ieoigia  (  I'f/.sr//). 

2.  Z.  COrdata  Koch,  1.  c.  Radical  lca\es  mostly  loiig- 
petioled,  cordate  or  e\en  rt)under,  cienatel\-  toothed,  ver\  rarelv 
lobed  or  divided;  stem-Iea\es  simply  leniale  or  cpiinate,  the  leaf- 
lets ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate,  incised,  or  e\en  parted:  fruit  ovate, 
ll4  lines  long:  seed-section  larger  than  the  preceding.  (Fig.  14U.) 
—  VViasp/um  /r//'o//a/uw,  \  ar.  aptcriiiii  (Jiav,  Manual,  195. 
Car/nil  rorJatum  P'.enth.  iV  Ho(A.  ( Jen.  I'lanf.  i.  S'.tl. 

Same  range  as  last  and  extending  to  Oregon, 

As  in  the  lust  species,  herbarium  specimens  of  Ziz'm  lunthdi,  will  be 
fouiirl  labeled  almost  anything  nndi-r  tiie    TluiMiiiKin  nun  tun  section. 


128 

7)0.  CAR  I'M  Limi.  Gen,  n.  3(')5. — Smooth  erect  slender 
herbs,  with  tuberous  or  fusiform  fascicled  roots,  pinnate  leaves 
with  few  linear  leaflets,  involucre  r.nd  involucels  of  few  to  many 
bracts,  and  white  flowers. 

Our  American  species  form  tlie  sei  tion  Kdosmia  Bontli.  it  Hook,  (ex- 
(Opliiig  C.  Hoinllii).  The  roots  are  used  as  an  article  of  food  among  the 
Indians. 

1.  C.  Gairdneri  JJenth.  A:  Hook.  Gen.  Plant,  i.  891.  Stem 
]  to  {  feet  hi^h,  ivom  fascicled  tuberous  or  fusiform  roots:  leaves 
few,  usually  simply  pinnate,  with  8  to  7  linear  (sometimes  almost 
filiform)  leaflets  2  to  6  inches  long  (the  lower  rarely  pinnate); 
upper  leaves  usually  simple:  umbels  ()  to  15-rayed,  with  involucre 
of  several  bracts  or  none,  and  involucels  of  linear  acuminate  bract- 
lets;  rays  about  li,2  inches  long:  fruit  ovate,  small,  ^  to  1  line 
long,  with  long  styles:  seed  terete.  (Fig.  150.) — Edcsniia  Gaird- 
neri Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  612. 

From  S.  California  to  British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  Utah,  Wyom- 
ing and  Montana.  Very  common  on  Vancouver  Inland  (Muccyun).  Fl.  June 
and  July. 

Var.  latifolium  (iray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  844.  Leaflets 
broader,  linear-lanceolate,  about  i^  inch  broad. 

California,  Ebbett's  Pass  (Brewer),  Yosemite  (Bolandir);  Ne\ada,  near 
Carson  City  [C.  L.  Aiiilcn^oin. 

2.  C.  Oreganum  Watson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  368. 
Closely  resembling  the  preceding,  but  with  lower  leaves  more 
divided,  with  shorter  linear  lobes:  fruit  oblong,  larger,  1^4  to  2 
lines  long,  with  long  styles:  seed  flattened  dorsally,  sulcate  beneath 
the  oil-tubes,  and  slightly  concave  on  the  face,  with  central  longi- 
tudinal ridge.     (Fig.  151.) — Edosmia  Oreganum  Xutt.  in  herb. 

California,  Siskiyou  Co.  {(ireene);  Nevada,  East  Humboldt  Mts.  (Wal- 
.soit  442,  in  part);  Oregon  (Hull  203),  "Wappatoo  Island"  (A'(///«?0>  Union 
Co.  (Cuttick);  Vancouver  Island  and  N.  W.  Territory  (Mucoiiti,  in  ls87i. 

This  has  been  nuich  confused  by  collectors  with  specimens  of  Eulophus 
(Pof?f>.s(ua/ (■»»!.),  especially  h'.  Bohitulcri;  hence  this  species  is  very  scarce 
in  herbaria. 

3.  C.  Kelloggii  Gra\ ,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  344.  Resemb- 
ling C.  Gairdneri.,  but  somewhat  stout,  from  a  fascicle  of  thick- 
ened fibers,  with  lower  le:ives  ternate  or  biternate  with  pinnate 
divisions  and  linear  segments:  in\-olucre  and  iinolucels  more  prom- 
inent   and    ratlic)-    scarious:   fruit    lai-gev,  oblong,   1  j/<  to  2^4  lines 


12U 

\o\\<^^  with  \cn-  pioiniiiL'Ut  st\  loixxliiini,  and  stvk-s  ahoiit  the  same 
length:  seed  sulcate  beneath  the  large  oil-tubes. 

Central  Califoi'iia,  near  tlio  coast  i/f/f «•<•/•,  linhnuhr,  h'riinu;/.  I'nhiiir 
l.">(l  aiul  distributod  as  C.  O'ainhii  ri,  etc.) 

Tilt' Fremont  specimen  refeiT«<l  to  by  Dr.  (jruy  in  tlio  <ti  i^cinal  dc- 
siription  of  this  species  is  Kul(>i>lniK  I'rhujlei,  and  tliis  specimen  some- 
wliiit  affects  tlie  whole  description.   This  species  is  veiy  scarce  in  herbaria. 

4.  C.  Howellii.  Stem  8  to  :J«/2  f«^^'t  li'S'i,  f'<>i"  a  fascicle 
of  thickened  fibres:  leaves  few,  ternate,  then  once  or  twice  pin- 
nate; leaflets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  strongly  toothed  or  lobed:  umbels 
many-rayed  (about  25),  with  involucre  of  long  narrowly  oblancco- 
late  bracts  (becoming  reflexed),  nnd  involucels  of  prominent 
lanceolate  scarious-margined  bractlets;  ra\s  about  1  j/2  inches  long; 
pedicels  8  lines  long:  fruit  (immature)  with  ver\  prominent  stylo- 
podium  longer  than  the  styles:  oil-tubes  very  large. 

Giant's  Pass,  Oregon,  July  i:5,  18S7  {Howell  710,  distributed  as  C. 
Kvlloygii  Vi. 

C.  C.vuii  L,,  tlie  common  garden  caraway  from  Europe, 
has  become  naturalized  in  many  places,  especially  in  the  north  ami 
northwest.  It  may  be  recognized  b\-  its  pinnately  compound 
leaves  with   Hliform  di\isions. 

51.  CICUTA  Linn.  (icn.  n.  85-1. — Smooth  poisonous  marsh 
perennials,  with  pinnately  compound  leaves  and  serrate  leaHets, 
involucre  of  few  bracts  or  none,  involucels  of  several  slender  biact- 
lets,  and  white  Howers. 

1.  C.  virosa  L.  Spec.  255.  Stout,  2  to  (S  feet  high:  leaves 
twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  the  lower  on  long  petioles;  leaflets  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  1  to  2  inches  long,  acuminate,  coarselv  serrate, 
with  the  veinlets  conimonl}-  running  to  tlie  sinuses:  umbel  many- 
rayed,  with  involucre  mostly  wanting,  and  involucels  of  few  nar- 
row lanceolate  bractlets;  rays  1  to  8  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  4 
lines  long:  fruit  broadly  ovate  to  ()\al,  ]  to  1 14  lines  long,  with 
lateral  ribs  much  larger  than  the  others:  oil-tubes  broad  and  con- 
spicuous, the  commissural  pair  contiguous:  seed  neailv  terete. 
(Fig.  152.) 

Quite  common  in  marshes  from  the  Saskatchewan  region  and  Hudson 
Bay  (»/</•/•■<!),  to  the  western  coast,  and  northward  [Jji/aH,  bourgeon, 
.\fiicoiin).     T\.  Hunnner. 


130 

ViW.  maculata*  Lcafk-ts  broader,  from  hmceolatc  to  oblong- 
lanccolatc,  1  to  T)  inches  long. —  C.  inacitlata  L. 

Throughout  the   United  States. 

Wc  can  discover  no  other  difler(>nce  between  f.  lutuiihitu  Ij  and  C 
riroi-ta  L.  than  the  one  in  the  leaves  noted  above. 

\  ar.  Californica.  I  ppcr  Icaxcs  siini)ly  pinnate:  fruit  with 
the  more  prominent  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  nearly  equalling 
the  laterals,  and  oil-tubes  narrower. —  C.  Californica  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  844. 

From  California,  8an  Francisco  and  northward  to  Oregon  (HntreU), 
Washington  Territory  iSiiksilorf.  HciKhnson),  and  Vancouver  Island 
(M(i  CO  nil). 

This  variety  seons  to  be  confined  to  the  western  coast  region,  and  is 
coniniordy  distributed  as  C.  mucnlata.  The  tiuit  differences  between  this 
variety  and  the  species  depend  only  upon  the  development  of  the  dorsal  and 
intermediate  ribs,  and  are  closely  connected  by  intermediate  forms.  The 
venation  cluiracter,  while  tolerably  constant  in  the  species,  cannot  be  used 
to  separate  this  variety  from  it.  although  in  some  specimens  the  veinlets 
pass  to  the  t<;oth  instead  ot  the  sinuses  with  considerable  regularity, 

2.  C.  bulbifera  L.  .Spec.  255.  Rather  slender,  1  to  8  feet 
high:  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  (  sometimes  appearing  ternate); 
leaflets  linear,  sparsely  toothed,  1  or  2  inches  long:  upper  axils 
bearing  clustered  bulblets:  mature  fruit  not  seen,  nor  to  be  foi'nd  in 
herbaria. 

Common  in  swamps,  from  Lower  Canada  and  the  Saskatchewan  re- 
gion, to  Indiana,  Pennsylvania,  and  Delaware.     Fl.  July  to  September. 

Immature  fruit,  clearly  showing  Ciciito  characters,  were  found  in  herb. 
Walter  Deanc,  collected  by  L-  H.  Bailey  near  Lansing,  Michigan.  Packets 
of  fruit  reputed  to  be  of  this  species  had  better  be  suspected  unless  seen 
on  the  plant.  The  fruit  described  and  figured  in  liot.  Gazette,  xii.  2(>:>, 
under  this  name,  is  tiuit  of  Fivnirnhnn  riilnnn^  put  by  mistake  on  the 
sam(>  sheet. 

''">.  C.  Bolanderi  Watson,  Proc.  An:.  Acad.  vi.  130.  Leaves 
bipinnate;  leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate,  nan-owly  and  sharply 
acuminate,  2  inches  long,  very  acutely  serrate;  lower  leaflets  petiol- 
ulate,  often  deeply  lobed:  involucre  of  several  linear  bracts:  fruit 
nearly  orbicular,  2  lines  long,  strongly  ribbed,  and  with  broad  oib 
tubes  which  are  sunk  in  the  channelled  seed. 

Jn  salt  marshes,  at  Snisnii.   Califoi'nia  t  /IoIhikJit). 


131 

:^'l.    CRVP  roT.i:xiA  dc.  Mc-.u.  riuwi.  j-i.    (;i;.i.r.,i:s 

perennials,  with  Ihin  iMbliolatc    leaves,   no  in\ oliicie,  iii\ oliieels  of 
minute  biactlets  or  none,  and  white  llowers. 

B(Mithiim  .V:  Hooker  eonsidt-r  tliis  j,'»miuk  to  bo  too  iirai  I'iniiuiulht,  but 
the  fruit  charactors  are  very  different.  In  ('ruiitnttniiti  the  ciiriteliarv  wnli 
is  composed  of  two  distinct  layers,  the  outer  beiny  almost  nuide  up  of  tlie 
very  broad  bundles  of  strenf^theniiiK  cells,  the  iinier  composed  of  a  sin^h' 
layer  of  large  parenchyma  <ells  in  \Yhicli  the  oil-tubes  always  occur.  Ir, 
I'impiueUit  the  bundles  of  strengtheniuK  cells  aic  veiy  small  and 
■widely  separated,  and  there  is  no  such  inner  layer. 

1.  C.  Canadensis  DC.  1.  e.  One  to  three  feet  hii^h:  leaf- 
lets large,  ovate,  2  to  i  inches  long,  pointed,  douhly  serrate,  often 
lobcd:  unibcis  irregidar  and  nnecinally  few -rayed;  pedicels  very 
unec[ual,  from  a  line  or  two  to  an  inch  long:  fiuit  '1  to  8  lir.es  long, 
often  becoming  curved.     (Fig.  ir)3. ) 

Canada  to  Minnesota,  and  south  to  N.  Carolina,  (teorj^ia,  ^fississippi, 
and  Texas.     Fl.  June  to  September. 

:rS.  LEPTOCALLIS  Xntl.  in  DC.  Piodr.  iv.  107.— Very 
slender  smooth  branching  annuals,  with  finely  dissected  leaycs 
having  fihform  or  linear  .segments,  and  smrdl  white  flowers  in  in- 
volucellate  very  unequally  few-rayed  pedunculate  umbels. 

This  genus  is  referred  to  Apium  by  Beutham  A-  Hooker,  but  the  dif- 
ferences in  its  fiuit  structure  are  so  great  that  only  similarity  in  habit 
eould  have  suggested  su(  h  an  association. 

1.  L.  echinatUS  Nutt.  1.  c,  A  span  to  a  foot  high:  fruit 
with  rather  narrow  commissure,  echinate  \yith  spreading  hooked 
bristles,  about  ^  line  long;  ribs  obsolete.  (Fig.  \M.) — Apiicn 
vcJihiatKin  Benth.  A:  Hook.  Gen.  Plant,  i.  NS8. 

Ahibama  to  Arkansas,  westward  to  Texas  (HalL  Reiu-iu-him.  J//.v.s 
Tco/Zj,  New  Mexico  (Wrifihl,  Greene),  Arizona  [I'riimJe.  /'«///.s/(  I.  and  S. 
California  ( ir.  F.  I'drish).     Fl.  April  and  May. 

2.  L.  divaricatus  DC.  Mem.  Umbel.  81).  t.  11).  One  to  two 
feet  high,  with  spreading  branches:  umbels  more  diffuse  than  in 
the  last  and  usually  with  fewer  rays:  fruit  with  broader  commis- 
sure, tuberculate,  i<,  line  long;  ribs  somewh.-.t  prominent.  (Fig. 
155.) — Apf/i»i  d'lvaricatiini  Hentbi.  <!v:  Hook.  1.  c. 

North  Carolina  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Kansas  {Ot/nl, ,),  Arkansas 
(.V«//«//),  Indian  Territory  {Falinrr),  and  Texas;  also  rare  on  ballast  near 
Philadelphia  (Parkers.     Fl.  April. 


13:i 

.J4.  DISCOPLEL'RA  DC.  Men.  Umbel.  3S.— Smooth 
braricliinjif  ;innuals,  with  finely  dissected  leaves  (filiform  or  lanceo- 
late divisions  ),  involucre  of  foliaceons  bracts,  involucels  of  promi- 
nent or  minute  bractlcts,  and  v>hite  fiowers. 

1.  D.  capillacea  DC.  1.  c.  A  foot  or  two  high,  or  even 
reachin.2^  5  or  ♦)  feet:  leaves  finely  dissected  into  filiform  divisions: 
nmbel  r>  to  20-raved,  with  involucre  of  filiform  bracts  usually  cleft 
or  parled,  and  involucels  more  or  less  prominent;  rays  ]^  to  1 
inch  long;  pedicels  \y,  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  y^  to  1  line  long,  with 
filiform  or  thick  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs,  the  laterals  forming 
a  broad  flat  band  about  the  fruit:  seed-face  convex.     (Fig.  156.) 

Wet  ground.  Massaehus<'tts  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  the  plains. 
Fl.  June  to  October. 

This  species  is  an  exceedingly  variable  one,  so  much  so  that  while  cer- 
tain extreme  forms  have  been  considered  as  distinct  varieties  and  even 
species,  they  are  so  completely  connected  by  intermediate  forms  that  no 
distinct  separation  can  be  made.  For  instance,  the  number  of  rays  is  very 
inconstant,  the  involucrai  bracts  are  frequently  cleft  and  entire  in  diiTerent 
umbels  upon  the  same  plant,  the  involucels  may  or  may  not  be  prominent 
in  any  form,  and  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  mav  be  filiform  or  prom- 
inent with  any  other  combination  of  characters.  The  prominent  ribs  fur- 
nish the  chief  character  of  DeCandolle's  var.  roMtnla,  but  ribs  just  as  prom- 
inent occur  in  all  other  foiuns,  and  DeCandolle  hiniself  (Prodr.  iv.  107)  says 
he  is  not  able  to  separate  many  specimens  of  var.  casta  ta  from  the  species. 
An  extreme  form,  completely  connected  with  the  species  by  intermediate 
forms,  is 

Vm:  Nuttallii  C.  X:  R.  Bot  Gazette,  xii.  292,  which  is 
usually  stouter,  with  more  numerous  rays,  entire  involucrai  bracts, 
and  minute  involucels.— />.  X/iifa/ili  T)(^. 

In  the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  S.  Illinois  (!>.'<»' i/i  to  Louisiana  and 
Texas. 

2.  D.  laciniata  r.enth.  «.K:  Hook.  Gen.  Plant,  i.  907.  Two 
or  three  feet  high:  leaves  dissected  into  lanceolate  divisions,  or  the 
uppermost  linear-setaceous:  umbel  nearly  equally  many-rayed, 
with  involucre  and  involucels  of  numerous  8  to  o-parted  setaceous 
bracts;  rays  ^  to  1 1^  inches  long;  pedicels  2  to  8  lines  long:  fruit 
about  2  lines  long,  with  broad  and  flattish  dorsal  and  intermediate 
ribs,  the  laterals  forming  a  promint  acute  ridge  about  the  fruit: 
seed-face  plane.  (Fig.  1 57.)— /><7//r//.v  lac'niiatns  ICng.,  &  Gray, 
PI.  Lindh.  21t). 


Muibt  piairie  litiid  ami  aloiij^  iiuiigiubuf  Uiickels.  Wewtoiii  Texas  [Ijiml- 
hfimtr,  Wn'(fhl,  Thitrhrr.  Hi{itl(>u\  Pulinfi).     FI.  July  to  Soptftmber. 
Tho  wliolo  i)Ianl  is  said  to  exliah^  a  strong  odor  of  rarrot. 

,")-"•.  jn-:RlLA  Koch,  Dcutsch.  1"1.  ii.  4r>r).-- Smooth  :icjii;itic 
perennial,  with  simply  pinnate  leaves  and  \ariously  cut  leaflets, 
usnallv  conspicuous  involucre  and  involucels  of  narrow  bracts,  and 
wliite  flowers. 

IJentham  .t  Hooker  n>ier  tliis  gtMius  to  Sinm.  but  it  \>i  very  properly 
restored  in  Bot.  Calif,  i.  2(;o. 

1.  B.  angustifolia  Koch,  1.  c.  l'2rect,  14  to  8  feet  high  or 
even  smaller:  leaflets  o  to  y  paiis,  linear  to  oblong  or  ovate,  serrate 
to  cut-toothed,  often  laciniately  lobed,  sometimes  creuate,  J^  to  8 
inches  long:  umbel  many-rayed;  rays  *i  inches  long  or  less;  pedi- 
cels 2  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  scarcely  a  line  long.  (Fig.  158.) — 
S/'/nn  aitgnstij'olintn  L. 

Throughout  the  Ignited  States  and  Mexico,  but  not  abundant:  eoninion 
in  Euiope.     Fl.  July  and  August. 

The  size  and  foliage  of  this  species  aie  excessively  varialde. 

ut>.  .  EGOPODIUM  Linn,  (ien.  n.  H<)8.-  A  coarse  glabrous 
percjinial,  with  creeping  rootstock,  liitcrnate  leaves,  sharply 
toothed  ovate  leaflets,  and  rather  large  naked  umbels  of  white 
flowers. 

iE.  PoDACiKAKiA  L.,  a  common  and  troublesome  weed  in 
Europe  and  Russian  Asia,  is  sparingly  introduced  into  this  coun- 
try, having  been  reported  by  Darlington  in  his  Flora  Ccstruo; 
by  Addison  Brown  (August,  1877)  and  others  as  occurring  along 
roadsides  at  Woodside,  Long  Island;  by  A.  Commons  from  New- 
ark, Delaware;  by  W.  W.  I^ailey,  near  Providence,  R.  L;  and  bv 
se\eral  collectors  in  the  vicinity  of  X.  ^'.  Cit\-.      (Fig.  159.) 

ol.     BOWLESIA  Kuiz   .V    Pav.   Prod.    !•  1.  Pcruv.  44.  t.  84. 
-  Slender  branchmg  annuals,    with  stellate    pul)escence,  opposite 
simple   (lobed)   leaves,  scarious   lacerate    stipules,  and  simple  few- 
flowered  umbels  of  white  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 

Our  generic  characters  are  drawn  chielly  from  our  own  species,  and  do 
not  entirely  apply  to  all  the  South  American  foims. 

I.  B.  lobata  Rui/  iK:  Pavon,  Fl.  Peruv.  iii. 'i8.  Weak,  "J 
inches    to  a   foot   or  two   h^ng,    dichotomously    branching:   leaves 


184 

Lliiii  coitlalc  tt)  iLMiifonii,  half  to  oxer  an  inch  broad,  8  to  o-hihcd 
(lobes  entire  or  toothed),  on  long  slender  petioles:  umbels  J  to  4- 
flowered,  on  short  peduncles:  fruit  about  a  line  long,  sessile  or 
nearly  so.  (I'ig.  1<>0.  ) — B.  tcncra  Sprcno-.  /,'.  gcraii'ilfoJia 
Cham.  «I^  Schlecht.    B.  nodijiora  Presl. 

Damp  shady  places,  from  the  Sacramento  Vallpy,  California,  aiul  south- 
ward, extending  into  Arizona  (Priiigle)  and  Texas  (Hall,  Wn'f/h'.  Mins 
f'roft).     Fl.  April  and  May. 

58.  IIYDROCOT^'LI-:  Linn.  Gen.  n.  325.— Low  herba- 
ceous perennials,  growing  in  or  near  water,  with  slender  creeping 
stems,  orbicular-peltate  or  reniform  leaves,  and  small  white  flow- 
ers in  simple  or  proliferous  umbels. 

The  strong  lateral  llattening  of  the  carpels  and  the  prominent  hypo- 
dermal  oil-bearing  layer  of  tliis  gtjnus  are  strilcingly  different  fronx  those 
of  any  other  of  our  genera.  In  the  European  H.  (•(*7(/.-f/-/.'*  the  oil-bearing 
layer  brealcs  through  the  epidermis  in  places,  covering  the  fruit  with  oil- 
vesicles. 

*  Fruit  with  pericarp  tJiiii  except  at  the  broad  tJiiek  corky 
dorsal  and  lateral  ribs:  i/ivoh/crc  of  short  ovate  bracts:  leaves 
orbicular-peltate^  crcnate:  peduncles  as  long  as  petioles^  both  from 
slender  creeping  rootstocks. 

T     Prnit  )iotcJied'^  at  base  and  apex  ;  intermediate  ribs  cork}'. 

L  H.  umbellata  L.  Spec.  284  Descending  branches  of 
the  rootstock  with  round  tubers:  umbels  many-Howcred,  simple 
(sometimes  proliferous);  pedicels  2  to  6  lines  long:  fruit  strongly 
notched,  1  line  long,  about  1^4  lines  broad,  with  dorsal  ribs  prom- 
inent but  obtuse.     (  Fig.  16L  ) 

From  Massachusetts  to  Florida,  westward  to  Minnesota  and  Texas,  and 
extending  into  Mexico. 

Forms  collected  on  ballast  near  Philadelphia  [Martiiididi'),  Port  Eads, 
Louisiana  (L(0(f//o/,s),  and  Vancouver  Island  iAfacoun),  are  unusually  pro- 
liferous, sometimes  so  much  so  as  to  give  the  impression  of  compound 
umbels. 

2.  H.  prolifera  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  15.  Tuber- 
ous as  in  the  last:  umbels  mostly  proliferous,  with  5  to  2()-flovvered 
whorls;  pedicels  1  to  8  lines  long:  fruit  but  slightly  notched,  a  line 
long  or  slightly  broader,  with    dorsal    ribs    prominent  and  more 


7  This  notchinic  ii):iy  not  be  uppurint  t-xci-pt  in 


135 

obtuse  than  in  the  hist.    (Fig.  1(52.) — //.  intvrnipla  Toir.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  oUO,  in  part. 

Tcxiibto  Arizona  and  Califoinia,  exU-nding  also  into  Mexico. 

A  spcfioB  very  closely  related  to  the  last. 

;{.  H.  Canbyi  C.  A:  R.  But.  Gazette,  xii.  10:5.  Umbels  8  to 
*.)- flowered,  <;eiierall\  proliferous;  pedicels  very  short,  but  distinct: 
fruit  shghtly  notched,  a  line  long,  and  about  two  lii^es  broad,  much 
more  flattened  than  in  the  precetling  forms,  dorsal  and  lateral  ribs 
much  more  prominent,  the  former  acutish.  (Fig.  lf)8.)  //. 
Kiiibcllata.,  \ar  ?  anibigita   (iray,  Manual,  lUO. 

New  Jersey  to  Maryland. 

Distributed   in   the    older  eollcctions   as   a    probable   from  of  //.  vnl- 

1.1  HI- is  L. 

The  three  foregoing  species,  with  //.  ial(j((ii.s  of  Europe,  form  a  very 
natural  group,  closely  resembling  each  other  iii  the  anatomical  details  of 
the  fruit.  H-  vitt{i(irin  is  most  nearly  related  in  external  appearance  to 
//.  (Utnbiii.  but  differs  in  its  smaller  fruit  more  or  less  dotted  with  oil 
vesicles.  it«  less  flattened  carpels,  and  less  prominent  dorsal  and  lateral 
ribs,  thus  intermediating  between  //.  Canbiii  and  the  first  two  species. 
There  can  be  no  doulitbut  that  our  three  species  are  the  North  American 
repirsentatives  of  K.  nihjui  is. 

T  T     I^'riiit  }iot  notchcii ;  iiiCirnu'diati'  ribs  )iot  corky  {  filiforiii). 

\.  H.  verticillata  Thunberg,  Diss.  II.  IIT).  t.  8.  Umbels 
few-flowered,  proliferous,  forming  an  interrupted  spike;  pedicels 
very  short  or  none:  fruit  a  line  long,  1 1^  t(j  'i  lines  broad,  with 
dorsal  and  lateral  ribs  ver\-  prominent,  tlic  former  acute.  (  Fig. 
I«4.)-    If.  iiiterntpta   Muhl.  Cat.   10. 

Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  Texas;  (extending  into  .\rii^ona  {Lcmiiivn), 
Viah  { Pal iiifi).  and  near  San    Diego,    California   i Orcall);  also  in  Mexico. 

*  *  Pritit  with  pericarp  uniformly  corky  tliickcncii  and  ribs 
all jiliforin :  leaves  not  peltate:  peduncles  much  shorter  than 
petioles. 

f  Fruit  small  (  y'^  to  1  "  ,  lines  broad).,  \^:ithout  secondary 
ribs  or  reticulations',  involucral  bracts  small  or  -.(.'anting. 

'").  H.  Americana  I>.  Spec.  'I'-W.  .Stems  filiform,  branching 
and  creeping,  often  bearing  small  fusiibrm  tubers:  leaves  thin, 
round-ienifoi  ni,  crcnate-lobed  and  lobes  crenate,  shining:  few- 
flowercij    nnibcjs   axillary    ■,\\u\   almost    sessile:   fruit    '<    to  3^  line 


136 

Ijioad,    with   e\'icleiit    ribs,    ;nul   no    oil-bcariiiy^  la\er:  seed-section 
broadly  oval.     (Fig.   Kjo. ) 

From  Canada  to  Minnesota,  and  southward  to  the  njouiitains  of  X. 
Carolina. 

<).  H.  ranunculoides  L.  f.  Snppl.  177.  Usually  floating: 
leaves  thicker,  round  reniform,  8  to  7 -cleft,  with  crenatc  lobes: 
peduncles  1  to  8  inches  long,  reHexed  in  fruit:  capitate  umbel  5  to 
10-flowered:  fiuit  I  to  1^4  lines  broad,  with  rather  obscure  ribs, 
and  no  layer  of  strengthening  cells  about  the  scetl  cavity :  seed- 
section  oblong.     (Fig.  1«16.) — //.  //a tans  Torr.  iK:  Gray,  Fl.  i.  591). 

E.  PonnsylTania  to  Florida,  thtnt-e  westward  to  Texas  and  California, 
and  up  the  coast  to  Oregon  (Hotcell,  HeinIcrHoti). 

T  T  Fridt  larger  (2  to  "l^A.  Hi"^'^  broaif)^  zi'it/i  proftiincttf 
secondary  ribs  and  reticulations :  the  2  to  \-floxvcrcd  nnibcl  sub- 
tended by  an  involucre  of  t-^co  conspicuous  bracts. 

7,  H.  Asiatica  L.  Spec.  284.  Smooth  or  somewhat  pubes- 
cent: petioles  (8  to  4  Inches  or  even  a  foot  long)  and  peduncles 
(2  inches  or  less  long)  clustered  on  creeping  stems  or  runners: 
leaves  ovate-cordate,  repand-toothed,  thickish:  seed-section  nar- 
rowly oblong.      (Fig.  167.)- -//.  repanda  Pers. 

Maryland  to  Florida,  and  west  to  Texas. 

The  petioles  are  verj'  variable  in  length,  an  extreme  form  being 

^'ar.  Floridana,  in  which  the  petioles  are  an  inch  or  less 
long,  making  the  leaves  appear  in  rather  close  clusters  along  the 
lootstock,  and  the  petioles  and  somewhat  larger  fruit  are  more  or 
less  pubescent, 

Florida  (A.  H.  Ci(rtin»),  Polk  county  (./.  IhnmtU  ,'^'/(//7A  ):  and  found  also 
in  the  West  Indies  and  Guatemala  (  Turrhhsiiu). 

o{).  1:R1GEXIA  Xutt.  Genera,  i.  1.S7.— Low  glabrous 
nearly  acaulescent  plant,  from  a  deep-seated  tuber,  \vith  ternately 
decompound  leaves  and  oblong  segments,  no  involucre  (unless  a 
reduced  leaf),  invobicels  of  leafy  linear  or  spatulate  bractlets,  and 
white  flowers  in  small  compact  umbels. 

1.  E.  bulbosa  Xutt.  1.  c.  18S.  Span  or  so  high:  leaves 
radical  except  those  subtending  the  imperfect  umbels:  pedicels  very 
short:  fruit  1  line  long  Ij^  lines  broad.     (Fig.  168.) 

"NV.  Canada  to  Mr'.ryland,  and   wi-stward   into   th**  Mississipi)i  Valley, 


137 

p.\tt'ii<liii,t,' suullnraid    iiilo    Tt'iiiiosscc   {(.'(illiiif/rr),    Aliiliuiiiii.  in'iir  Hunt; 
villoi  HV//.S.  in  isKh.  and  :\Iissouii. 


Am  Ml  M  All  s  L.,  ;is  a  North  Amciicaii  plant,  rests  solch'  ii[);)n 
she  authority  of  DeCandolle,  who  reports  it  (  I'rodr.  i\ .  1  ri)anion^- 
the  collections  of  Pylaic  from  Xewfoiuullaiid.  Martindale  and 
Parker  have  also  collected  in  hallasi  near  Philadelphia.  It  h.as 
fiisifoi-ni  roots,  pinnateh  di\ided  iea\es  with  linear  or  lanceolate 
sen-ate  segments,  componnd  man\  -layed  umhels  of  white  flowers, 
and  small  ohlon^-  fiiiit  with  filiform  and  solitary  oil-tubes.  (Fi.y;. 
1(U».  ) 

A.  \'is\A(.\  L.,  from  the  Mediterranean  rey;ion,  has  been 
collectetl  l)y  Martiiulale  on  ballast  near  IMiiladelphia  (LS70),  and 
also  by  Henderson  on  ballast  near  Portland,  Oregon  (1887).  The 
numerous  rigid  rays  from  an  enlarged  reeaptacle  becoming  turned 
inwards  after  anthesis,  in  the  manner  of  Daiiciis^  make  it  easiK 
recogni/ed. 


188 


LIST  OF  FIGURES  (PLATES  MX). 


Fij,'iii' 

L-          1. 

Dauciis  pubillus 

Figure     M. 

I'eucL'danuiu  ainbiguuiii 

-• 

Caut-iilis  luicrocarpa 
nodosa 

Hi. 

cireunidatum 
Giayi 

1. 

'1  rcpocai'pus  .Tithusa' 

47. 

luacroL-aipriia 

.-.. 

Bifoia  Aiiioricana 

IS. 

eurycarpum 

c. 

Kuryta'iiia  Texana 

1!). 

dasy<.a]-i)uni 

7. 

Atigolica  T)lmiata 

.")0. 

tomeiitosr.r.i 

•S. 

genuflexa 

.■>1. 

luulitaule 

!». 

Lyallii 

;,2. 

Piuryi 

10, 

aiguta 

:.:;. 

Dreganuiu 

11. 

Broweri 

.■>!. 

villosuiii 

12. 

lepoiina 

r).-). 

Donnellii 

i:j. 

Wheeleri 

.J  (J. 

Sandbergi 

14. 

Caiibyi 

.")7. 

Haliii 

1.-). 

Ciirtissii 

.">s. 

Austiiu;- 

Hi. 

liirsuta 

.'>!(. 

Martiiidalel 

17. 

(lentata 

(iO. 

utrieulatum 

is. 

atropuipuroa 

(il. 

caruifolium 

1!). 

St'linuiu  capitellatura 

(12. 

Parisliii 

20. 

Dawsoiii 

(;;}. 

Cuskkli 

21. 

Grayi 

(-.4. 

simplex 

22. 

Hookeri 

(1.1. 

trit(>ruatum 

2:{. 

Conioselinum  Canadeiii^e 

liii. 

la'vigatuiu 

24. 

Tiedemannia  teretifolia 

(17. 

Kingii 

2."). 

tf.rnata 

(is. 

ieioearpum 

2(;. 

rigida 

(I!). 

Nuttallli 

27. 

F(>ndl(n-i 

70. 

SuksdorMi 

2s. 

Heracleuiii  laiiatuiu 

71. 

Euryptera 

2!l. 

Pastitiaea  sativa 

72. 

Howellii 

:;(i. 
:;i. 

Polyta-niaXuttallii 
("'oloptcra  Newberryi 

73. 

Pseudocyraopterus  luoi!- 
taiuis 

'.VI. 

•lonesii 

74. 

bipinnati'.s 

:;:;. 

I'aiiyi 

-,:'>. 

aiiisatus 

:!i. 

T.cptota.'iiia  dist^cL-la 

7(i. 

anisatus 

;!:.. 

iiiuKilida 

77. 

(,'yiiiopterus  glonienvtus 

:'.(;. 

Eatoni 

78. 

globosus 

:i7. 

purpurea 

7!l. 

iiumtanus 

:!S. 

CalifoMiica 

SO. 

lerebinthi'.ius 

.•J!». 

aiioinala 

si. 

longipes 

10. 

rt'UcMMlaiuim  Heiidcrsoni 

S2. 

•loiK'Si! 

n. 

Watsoni 

s:;. 

^,dau<  r.o 

42. 

rarinosuni 

S4. 

Pliellopteius  litturalis 

43. 

Cous 

s.-,. 

Thaspiuni  aureuin 

VM\ 


S(i. 

■riijispiiim  l.iiiliiiioilc 

ST. 

AViiltni 

.SS. 

Lij^Misticuni  jiclM-il'oliiiin 

iiW. 

S''()ti;iiiii 

!M). 

s<-()|)iil<)niiii 

!>1. 

iipliloJilllM 

!)2. 

(iiiiyi 

!»:>. 

()r<>().\i.s  hiiiiiiiis 

!)i. 

.Etliusa  ('>  imiiiiiiii 

!»:>. 

CJ.i'loplciiniin  (iiiicliiii 

!•(;. 

inaiil  iiiiiiiii 

DT. 

Orogciiia  liiicaiit'olia 

IIS. 

fiisitoniii.s 

;iii. 

("laiit/ia  liiioata 

100. 

(Kiiantl)t'  sai  mt'iito.'^a 

101. 

("yiios('ia<lium  digilatuni 

102. 

piiinatuiii 

lo:;. 

Eryiii^ium  aromatit  iiiii 

io:;</ 

lialdwiiiii 

101. 

San i (Ml  la  IMaryiaiulira 

Id.-). 

arctopoidos 

loi;. 

How.^Uii 

107. 

Men/.iosii 

ION. 

lacliiiata 

Kill. 

XcvadtMif:  Is 

1  III. 

niaiitima 

III. 

l)ipinnatilida 

1  12 

bipiiiiiata 

1 1.;. 

tuboiosa 

III. 

.VnniioseJimini  llutlcii 

ll.V 

Fcpniculum  viilgarc 

1  III. 

I'odistera  Xcvadensis 

117. 

riMii>inella  intogoninia 

lis. 

Sa.xifrai^a.  var. 

I  111. 

Apia^^t^llmaIlgu.sli  folium 

12(1. 

patoiis 

121. 

Miisoniuni  divark-atimi 

122. 

traohyspeniiuiu 

12:;. 

Kiilophus  Anieiieaiui8 

121. 

Paii.shil 

12."). 

liolaiidcri 

I2(;. 

Californii'iis 

127. 

AnthrisciiH  Coiofoliuiu 

12S. 

]>iMdouiiiin  AiiK  rieanuri) 

'■-'•'■ 

liiiplt'iir  Mill    riidiiKlilol 

i:;(i. 

Ciiaiupli  yiliiiii  pHxiirii- 

Ih.M.s 

i:;i. 

\af.  Taliiliiiii'vi 

i:;2. 

\ai,  dasyciii  i»iiiii 

i:;:;. 

O.-'inoi  lii/,a  Hilda 

l:il. 

l,i.«vislylis 

1. ■;.•.. 

longistylis 

i:;(i. 

liiacliyi.K)da 

i:i7. 

ocoideiitalis 

\:',>. 

Vt^la'a  Hartwogi 

i:;ii. 

Ktdloggii 

1  HI. 

v<^htita 

1 II. 

.Muscniopsis  Texaiia 

112. 

Couium  niactilaliiiu 

1 1::. 

Siiiin  cicuta't'oiium 

1 1 1. 

Carson  ii 

1 1.".. 

Apiiini  Ifplophylluni 

1  Hi. 

TIarboiiria  tiaciiyplciiia 

1  17. 

Alct.'s  a«anlis 

1  IS. 

1 1 1 1 

Zi/.ia  aurca 

.oidata 
Caruni  (iairdr.iMi 

l.-)0. 

l.-.l. 

Oreganuri 

l.v>. 

Cit-uta  virosa 

1.-.:;. 

CiyptotaMiia  Canadensis 

l.-.l. 

Loplooaulis  ochinatus 

1. •..-.. 

divaricalvii- 

i.-.n. 

DLseopIeura  capillacea 

I.-.7. 

laciniata 

i.-.s. 

B<'iula  angustifolia 

l.MI. 

.Dgopodiuni  Podagraiia 

Kid. 

liowle.sia  lobata 

Kil. 

Hydroootyle  unihellata. 

I(i2. 

prolitVia 

Hi.-;. 

Canbyi 

1(11. 

vt'i-tiPillata 

Ki.-.. 

Aint'iicana 

l(i(i. 

ranunculoidrs 

I(i7. 

Afeiativti. 

KiS. 

]',rigtMiiii  biilbosa 

Kill. 

.Viiiini  riiaiiis 

140 
GENERAL    INDEX. 

S.\ii.,ii\iiui-  :iic  piinlrcl  in  ilnli.--.     The  iiimil.ci>  in  pMiciiIliCNi-  irlVr  (o  I  lie  tl 

.Kjioi.odiilin  I,..  -iH.  \-A:\.  Anli(iiiii,lir,t. 

Po-liifri-iiria  I-.  (l.-.SD.  l:!;{.  ,iln>i,iiri>iiniis  llollni..  4..'. 

.Ktlitisii  L..  -l-:.  Sit.  ilrntilld  ClKipiii..  41. 

C.vnapiuni  L.  (!I4),  Kii.  dtiirliiii  DC,  44.  !i(). 

.Mctos  ('.  &  l{..  '37.  I'M.  hirxitta  T.  &  O.,  41 . 

ii«uilis  C.  \-  l{.  (147).  l-.'ti.  i>('ir(ni>i«  Xiitl.,  :'.(!. 

-Viiimi  L..  i:ir.  Archniiom. 

H11I.JUS  L.  (Kiiti.  I.i7.  Fr  11(11  fri  a  i\i\.  4S. 

Visniifrii  \...  i:!:.  riiiifln  IK'..  47. 

.ViiiiHOSolinuin  T.  \-  (;..  •.':'.,  1(I7.  IniKitn  Null..  4  7. 

Uullori  ('.  \-  l{.  1 1141.  107.  .\n-itr,tfi(i. 

Popoi  T.  \-  (!..  1(17.  (utiiilii  IJ.  \-  H.,  1  ■.'(). 

.Knjiflicii  L..  IH,  :!.->.  HdHicnji  Wats..  I'.'l. 

mfjiita  Null.  (KM,  ■.',7.  l<i'Un\niii  Wats..  I'.'l. 

ati-opurpui-ca  I..  (IKi.  41.  trslilu  Wats..  ■[■'■I. 

Urowcri  (ira.v(n).  :!!».  Atrnixi. 

(•anl).vi  ('.  &  H.(14),  40.  Ainninniii  I)(\:'.4 

Cuitisii  Hucki.  (1.-,),  40. 

Dawson!  Wats..  :i8.  Hciiila  Koch.  -.'S.  I.!:!. 

(Icntata  C.  &  K.  (17).  41.  auj-ust ifolia  Koch  (1.->H).  I."..".. 

}reuuHo.\a  Nutt.  (H),  .'{(i.  MiloiM  Hoflin..  1  7.  :!4. 

Hoiifloi-soiii  C.  &  H..  :5S.  .^iiiciicana  M.  A  H.  (.">),  .U. 

hirsuta  Mulil.  (Ki).  41.  ia<liaiis  IJicb..  :!4. 

Icpoi-iiia  Wats.  (I-.').  :(!i.  liowlcsia  Ituiz  \-  Pav.  C-'Hi,  i;i:i. 

liiicariloba  (ii-ay.  :!!>  <i('niiiiili>li<t  ('.  \- S..  i:i4. 

Iiici'la  L..  4'.'.  loliata  l{.  \-  P.  (1(50).  i:!:'.. 

i-.vallii  Wats.  (in.  :u:  mMiflom  Pi-csl..  i:!4. 

l.iiiuata  Wats.  (7).  .'iO  trnn-a  Sprcns'..  i:i4. 

toniciilosa  Wats..  ::' .  Uuph'uruin  I,..  '.'.->.  114. 

Whc<-lcii  Wats.  (i:!).  40.  .AnK'ricaiiKni  ('.  A;  H.  (I'-'Si.  11  .■ 

vciticillataJlooU.,4'.'.  piotract  uni  Link.  ll.".. 

Antlirisc-us  M(jtt'in., '-.">.  114.  idiiiDiniloiihs,  ll.">. 

("orcroliuni  Hott'in.  (I'i7),  114.  t-ol  unrlifoHuni  I,.  (I'.'ii),  11">. 

sylvcstiisHotfTii.,  114. 

vnlyaiis  I'lcs.,  114.  Caiuni  I,.,  '.'7.  r.'S, 

.\piastiuni  Null..  '.'4,  !()!•.  uinriini  \i.  \  H  .  r.'7. 

anfiiistifoliuni  Null.  (I  l!i).  110.  Canii  I...  I'.'i*. 

Idli/oliiim  Xiitt..  no.  ronliihim  M.  \-  H..  1-37. 

patens  C.  cV^K..  no.  (Jaiidneti  M.  \-  U.  (l.-.Oi.  l-.'K. 

.\l>iuni  1...  '.'ti,  l'-'4.  Hall  a  Wals..  I'.'fi. 

liiilln-i  Wats.,  los.  llowellii  C.  \-  K..  I'.'O. 

Cilisniii  \i.  \-  H.,  I'M.  Kellojjuii  (iia.v.  I'.'H. 

(liriiriratinn  H.  \-  U.,  i:il.  (iic.i'aniini   Wats.  (1.71).  l-.>s. 

irhi  until  III  H.  &  H..  i:!l.  Caiicalis  L..  17.  .'i.'!. 

fiiaveolens  L..  1'.'4.  .Xnlhiiscus  Huds..  .!:!. 

leptopli.vH\ini  V.  Muel.  (I4.'>),  l-.'4.  latifolia  I- .  .'U. 

linrair  lY  &  H..  I'M.  n.ieiocaipa  II.  \-  .V.  ('.•).  :!:!. 

iiodiHoi  iini  ii.ii  H..  I'M.  nodosa  Muds.  (.!).  .'t:!. 

Iiatfiis  Wats.,  110.  (■hieroi)li.vnnm  L..  '.'."..  1  1.7. 

pf'tiosoiii-.ini  L..  I'.'.'..  ((iliiiiniiriiiii  Toil-..  1  14. 

I'opii  (ifa.\.  107.  procuiiibcMs.  Cianl/.  (l.'tO).  11(1 

lepeiis  l{ci<li..  I-.'.-..  'raiiiluiini  Hook.,  IKi. 


I II 


lmll)ilVi;i  I...  l.!(i.  '  iinjiil<iT.\(;.,  r.Mi. 

tdlilnniini  (,\it\.  Kill.  Hdrlirnji  {'.y.iy.  1  ■.' 1 

niiiriildhi  1...   l.'.ii.  A'<7/o(/(/(/(iiiiy.  1  •.' 1  . 

Inii)i!ii<liiini  \\':t\-^..  l-.''>.  ri»l ilii  \\i\i>..  T.'-.'. 
vir..-;.  I..  ,l.-.-.'i.  I-.'!..                                              DiM-opl.-uiM  DC.  •-'S.  i:;-.'. 

■l-l'l<'niUM,  l,...l,.|...  •.-.•.I'D.  ,Mpill:.<-'-;i  IX'.  M.-,<!).  i;i 

'iiiiclini  I ■\<.  ill.M.iMl.  I:i,-iniiil;i  I!.  \-  II.  (l.".;;. 

iM^iiiiiiiuiiii  <■.  \-  li.  (iiiii,  ill.  .\iin,iiiii  DC.  i::-;. 


(  ol..|.|ci;l  C.    \    l{..  -.'O.  -IM. 

. 1(111. -.ii  ('.  .V  K.i;!-.'!. .-.(). 

.\(wlicir\i  ('.  \-   li.  (••!!  I.  »! 
I'anyi  C.  \  H.C!.-!!.  .".o. 
('<iiiios('llmim  I'isch..  IS.  4:,. 
(•:in;i.l<-iiM''l'.  \-  (i.  i--':!i.  -I( 


tfif-liilltliimis  'I'.  \-  (I.  I  HO). 


npiitiiliiiiii  Null . 
('.Miosciiulliim  DC.  '.'.t.  S.] 


(iKinhif  li'V  \  (!.  1- 

<)ir,i,iiilllil  .Null..  I'.' 

iMij-rniii  Null..  -.Ml.   l:!i;. 

IlllllMlMI    Nllll.(lliS). 


Fisrhiri.  4.">.  Ki\  iitiiiim  I-..  •-•:!.  H:l. 

oniiiiii  I,.,  •-'i;,  ]•:::.  ti<iiiatinnii  I,..  !M. 

maciilsiliini  L.  (Mi).  I-':!.  iiniiiiiimi  C  \-  !«..  !»i. 

(iiiiindiuiii  I,..  17.  :!4.  itninuil  iciiin  Miildw.  (l():t).  !•! 

siili\iiin  1-..  :!•'..  iiiticiiliilmn  ll.i.ik..  !is. 

i"inly.ia  Xult..  •.'•-'.!••.>.  UaUlwinii  Spivny.  (l():i.().  Ht 

liiioiitii  Null.  (!'!ii,  ii-j.  liiililiriiiii.  lO-.'. 

lyiifotirniil  DC.  •-';.  J.U.  C/rrm/.. s/("  Ciiipiii.,  Id.'. 

Cmadflisi^  DC  (l.'>:!).  l:U  iiniiiiiiliiin'W  \  (;..  Kiu. 

ymoptciiis  Hal'..  -.'1.  7().  .litliiMiiii  'I'.iii-..  KU. 

<tlhiniint!<  XiiK..  r!».  ilNcdloiWac.  !'K 

<ll|}inus^',vn\.Hi).  l-jdiidanuiii  (  .  \  l(  .nc. 

(inixotii.t  fira.x'.  /•>.  rtiMidimi  f...  !•!!. 

Iiipiunalitx  Wats..  7."i.  llarkncssii  ( 'iii-ian,  !•!). 

<-amp(-.'^l i-is  T.  \-  (i..  Td.  llookcii  Wal)...  Kio. 

ciiKM-ariiis  (iiay.  H(i.  I-ca\i'inv(ii'tliii  T.  \-  (C  K'D 

coiiiijiatiis  .loiH's.  TT.  loiiffitViliiini  (  :r.  .  'U 

I'cndlcri  (iiaj.  7!i.  I.ii<l<n-itiaiiiiiii  >'ni<iiiv.  '•">■ 

Jd'niriiltuius  Niitt..  7!'.  .M<-Haii(Ml  Wiiud,  !>.">. 

jrliiiiciis  Xiitt.  (S.*{),  HI.  pt'tiolatimi  H(M)k.,  !•;. 

{••lobosu.s  Wats.  (7Hi.  77.  i,<th,lnluiii.  it7.  iiH. 

{flomfiiilus  Hal'.  (77),  7t>.  ina'altiini  (iia.\.  !•">. 

.loiK'sii  C  &  a.  iS-.'),  SO.  pioslialiMu  Niitl..  10-.'. 

littnralis  Gray,  81.  Kavi-noliii  (iiay.  !•.-.. 

loiiB-iiM's  Wals.  (HI).  7!i.  VaM'.\iCA:  M..  H7. 

iiKintamis'lW  (i.  (70).  7S.  \  ii-iat uiii  Lam.,  00. 

inontaiiiix.  77,  7S.  N'iij-ioiamiiii  Lam..  04. 

Xn-adnisix  (iviiv.  lOS.  ]'ii<iiiii(iiiiitn  T.  \- (i..  Oii. 

nivalis  Wats.,  7S.  Wii«litii  (iiax ,  loo. 

pnrpiircos  Wals..  HO.  \  ucfu-l.ilimii  Miclix..  o:i. 


Kiilopliii-  Null..  -.'4.  111. 


Ihr,i>s„i,lrs  N,:li.,  70.  .\m.i  i.aMii>  Nolt.  (1-J:M1-.'. 

''"""'"■""••  |{.ilamlciiC\  l{.  a-.'.V.  11-.". 


\  ]{.    f.'d  .  1  M. 
I'aiisliii  C\-  K.  il'.'4\  1  Tj. 


di»itatumD('.(101).0:!.  IVinjil.-i  C  \- H.. 

liii'ii"  !»'     '•"•->   ■' ■'  Tr.riniiis  M.  \  II..  I-':!. 

I\)triiiitint. 

naiiii:s  \.  .  17,  :!J  liichla  Xiiti.,  ;.!. 

Ciifnta  L.. .{;(.  Kiiiyla-iiiii  T.  \-  (i.,  IH.  :i.-.. 

Itiiinialiiy  Kii}.-.  \  (ir.,  l.lj.  i,i<irn>i,liiill,i  Hiukl.,  :i.">. 

piisilhis  .Mlclix.(l).  .li  Te.xana  T.  \-  (i.  (d).  :i.-i. 


142 


Fniihi 

CdlUnlllirtl  (U"\\.  .".:;. 

ilisxirlit  (iniN ,  •">1. 

(linxitliltn  \V:its..."il. 

miiltHhlit  (^niy.  r.l. 

yrti-hrniii  Wats..  .">0. 

y„n-,„-,r<,  \V:,ts..  .V.>. 
l-.i-niciilimi  A,l:iiis..  -.'4.  1 


iniiliiiiiiiiiii  (!ia\ .  1  1!'. 
/{../(KiW-ri  (I lay.  llii. 
„nhln)t,ih  Xiiii..  1  in. 

Ilaihnmia  < '.  \  K..  -.'li.  l-.'.",. 

tiachyplcuia  C.  \  It.  {14(ii.  T 

In'toplinlliDii.  11(1. 
Hcniclcuiii  l>..  l!i.  4,s. 

laiiatumM.x.  ci«).  4.s. 

Spontlyliiim  L..  48. 
Hy.liocotylc  L..  -iS.  i:i4. 

Aincvicana  L.  (!<!.->).  i:$r.. 

Asiatica  L.  (lf>7).  i:{(i. 

("anl.yi  C  \-  K.  (Ki:^.  i:!.->. 

i)iti'rni))tii.  l.'i.'). 

titildiixT.  \(i..  i:i(i. 

l.iolircia  Kcll().i>fi(H;-.'>.  i:!4. 

lammciiloiilcs  L.  f.  a'><>).  l^!' 

)r,n(n<l((  Pits..  1:!H. 

nmlK'llata  I,,  din).  l.!4. 

iiitihrlUitit.  i:i.">. 

vci-licillata  Tlnnili.  (I<i4).  i:i." 


Lcploraulis  XiiH.,  -17.  V.'.l. 

(livaricaluiii  DC.  (!.").">).  i:!l. 

(■(•liinatiisXiitt.  (1.-.4!.  i:!l. 

hirrniix  Xiitt.,  1 10. 

IMttrns  Xutt.,  11(1. 
Lci.tdtu'iiiaXiilt..  ■-'().  .-)(). 

anoiiiala  ('.  \-  K.  (.iii).  .">:t. 

('alifori)icaNiitt.  (:SK).  .-■:;. 

dissffla  Xiilt.  (:{4\.->l. 

Katoui  C.  &  H.  (:5(i).  ryl. 

nmllitida  Niitt.  (:i.".t.  .")1. 

pui|)m-oa  (".  \-  H.,  (.'{r).  .",-.'. 

AVatsoni  ( '.  .V  K.,  r.-j. 
l-ijiiisticimi  I,.,  -n.  S4. 

acfii'ifolimii  Micli.\.  (K.S),  S.") 

apiifdlimii  15.  \-  II.  (!U).  SH. 

<iliiifi>liiiiii.  K!». 

<  anltyi  ('.  &  U..  Kii. 

tilicimiin  Wats..  ST. 

(iniyi  ('.  \-  K..  SK. 

ino)it(t»ii in  l{.  iV  II.,  74. 

Poitc-ii  ('.  k  K.,.S(i. 


scoiniloniiti  (Way  (!»()>.  s.".. 
S<.niicimi  r,.  iSii).  S.-.. 
Iciuiirnliuiii  Wats.,  sr. 

.Musciii(>i.sis(  .\-  li..-.'i;.   T.'-.'. 

'n-xaiiaC.  \  l{.(14  1..  M.-.. 
MiiscMiiim  Xiitt..  -14.  110. 

(iiiuiistiluliinii  Xiill..  111. 

.lixaiicatiuii  Xiill.  (l-.Mi.  110 


K'lmifoliiiin  Xiill..  11 

tnillilnliKII,   lluok..   ; 

.V;/rr//(N. 

/i.-/.(H./.  (iCiax.  no. 
urriihiitnlis  1!.  \  11..  1 

joiiiiiiuiiKiii  'V.  \  (;..4 


Ciliuiniini  Wals..O-.'. 

saiiii«Mil(.--a  l'ic-1.  (lOOi.  U-i. 
(hrusriiiiliinn. 

ilrdiilr  (iiay.  I'lii. 
Oicoxis  Haf..  ■-'•-'.  Sit. 

ImiiiilisHal".  (it:!,.  Hi). 
(tiojiciiia  Wats.,  •.'•.'.  itl. 

fiisiformi-  Wats.  i!tS),  0], 

liiicaiifulia  Wats,  (it;  I,  itl. 
Osiiioilii/.a  Haf.,  ■-'.->,  110, 

aiiiliiKua  C,  \-  U„  Hit, 

biacli.\p().la  Toil-,  (i:!(i),  lis, 

l.i'cvistylis  DC,  ii:!4),  lis. 

hirrisliilix.  lis. 

loiijiislylis  DC.  (i:t.">l.  lis. 

inidaToir.  (i:{:{).  117. 

ncci.lciilalis  Ton-.  (i:»7).  Hit. 

I'astina.a  I,..  10,  4S. 

saliva  I-,  c.'iti,  4it. 
I'ciifcdaimiu  L..  •-'o,  ,">:!. 

ainbiji-iiuiti  XiOl.  (44).  .')S. 

.\ustinii'C.  \-  K.  (.-.SI.  till. 

H)aiidc;>ciC.  \-  K..  ;•-'. 
Cilli/iiniirlini  C.  \-  ){..  74. 
Caid.yiC.  \-  U..  .".ti. 
cai-uifoliiiiiiT.  \<;.(til).  lis. 
cii-ciiindatmii  Wats.  (4.->i.  .-.it. 
(•(.lis  Wats.  (4:!i.  .-.S. 
Cusiclvii  Wats.  i(i:{i.  Oil. 
dasycaiiminT.  \(;.  (4ii).  (il. 
Doniiollii  C.  &  H.  (.">.")).  (1.7. 
ciiiycaipimi  C.  \-  It.  (48|.  01. 
Kiirvptci-a(;iav(71i.  7:!. 


U3 


ucclaimin  I,. 
I'iirinosuiii  (icvcr  (4'i).  ."i7. 
fdjiiiculactMiiii  Xiid.,  •">!». 
(:c.V(Mi\Vi(ls...-.r. 
.lidtrolctisWMs..  71. 
(liiixiC.  \-  H.  (4(i).  (id. 
Ihillii  \V;its.  (.".;>,  ti"i. 
ll.>ii(lfi>.)iii<'.  \  K.  (4(1).  .')(i 
llowfllii  \V;il>.  i'.-'.K  r:!. 
Kiiij:ii  \V;il>..  :i. 
hrvi.-;ilinn  .N  ul  I .  ((KJl,  Tl. 
hilih'liinii  Null..  V.'. 
l..i,.r;in.uni  NiiK.   Hi;-*'.  '  '  ■ 


M;ntiii(l:llci  C.  \-  l{.  (.'.itl. 
niiiiiiiiKlhiin  liclilli..  (iS. 


Ilowi 


niillifolililll  Wills.,  (id. 
MohilVi'liscC.  \-  K..  (i-i. 
.\(\:l.|riisr  Wills.,  (i:!. 
\,  irhniui  W;Hv. ..-,(). 

(M/./(.rf((/-.lil.(i:l.l!(;. 

NiilCillii  W-.II-.  Ki!"!.  ;•>. 
(tic,u:nniMi  ( ■.  \-  K.  i.'):!).  (i4. 

l';ni^l,iiC.  \   l{.  Ki-.'..  lis. 
l';in\i  W.•lt^.  (.->-M.  (i4. 
pMiNiloliimiT.  \(i.,  ;:'.. 
I'riiKjhUW  H..r>\. 
S;ni,llKM-Hi('.  \-  1{.  i.-.iii.ii.-.. 
Miiii-lcx  Niill.((i4i.  li'.i. 
Suks.lni-lii    W;il-.  (^(Ii.  ;•-'. 
tnrtiinliinii  li.  \-  ll.,4;. 
icmiciiI.iMiiii  It.iuli.  (.".III.  ( 
liilciiKiImii  .Null.  iii">i.  :d. 

tiih iiKiiiiiii.  ;ii. 

uiiiciihiiuni  Null,  iiiiii.ii; 
\;isryi  C.  \-  K..  U:. 
\ill..Mlin  Null.  (.-.4  1,  (!4. 
Wiilx.iii  C.  \-  l{.(4l  I.  :>',. 

rlU.l.tciiis  Hriilli..  -Jl.Sl. 

Iill(>i-:ili>  Scluniill  (K4i,  SI. 
IH|lillcll!ll,.,  -.'4,  Idit. 

jpiodoia  Ci-ii.v,  i.dii. 
iiiK'^crriiiiii  It.  \'  II.  (I  111. 

I'iirishin:  &  u..  ir.'. 

S;i\iri;i'':i  I,.  (1  ISi.  10!l. 

.Iiv|<i;i  W:ll-..  '.'I.  ins. 
Nr\,i(lcu-i-  W.ils.il  I'ii.   1 

,l<,s,i,i,liiiin. 
ll„hni<lni(Uu\.  1 :'.:!. 
Cllilniliiriiiii  (;i:i.\.  114. 

.I.M;rni:i  DC,  l!i,4'.i. 
Nuii;illii  DC.  i:iin.  4!i. 


l's<-u.l..<\  iiioi.lciiis  C.  \  H..  •id.  14. 

iiuiMiuisC.  \  u.irr.,  7iJi,  ',:>. 
i,ii>iiiiiiitu-c.  \  i<.(r4). ;.-.. 

iiioMi i-C.  \-  Hi*:!!,  74. 


,i,Usll.\  .\.(l().-.i.  ld:J. 
itiiH.\  A.dl-.').  10(i. 


l.ipiiinatiHdii  DdiiKl.  (Ill),  ld»> 

r<ii,(Ul<iisi.-<  1-.,  ld:i. 

Uow.-lliic.  \-  U.  (1 1"4. 

laciiilala  II.  A:  .V.  (IdSi,  1<I">- 

Muniliiiia  Krlloyjidldi.  Id'i. 

Maivlaii.lira  L.  1 104 1,  1  ()•.'. 

McM/.icsii  II.. V  .\.  (107).  1(14. 

Xcvadciisis  Wals.  (Id'D,  Id."!. 

liiHlinnilis  II.  \-  .\.,  Id.-.. 

tiilK-iosaTon-.  lllMi.  107. 
Scliiuiiii  I-..  IS,  4"J. 

Hcmliami  Wats.,  4.".. 

r,(//((W./i.s(>.Micli.\.,4H. 

<-a|.it<4laluin  M.  \- II.  (Id),  4:{. 

DawsoniC.  \-  K.  C-'d).  44. 

(iiayiC.  A:  I{.  C.'l ),  44. 

jlooki'ii  Wats..  (•.'•-'),  4.-.. 

Kiiiiiii  Wals..4:!. 

I'a.)li.-uMiWal-..4:!. 
.V<si7i. 

,lin,iir,ihn,i  Pui>l).  111. 

]l,illiH\i"iy.  l-.'ii. 

.\iill<illiHU"\y,  71. 
Siiiiii  l,..-iii.  I-.':!. 

.niuKstiiuliinii  I...  1  :•.:'.. 

CaiM.nii  Duiaii. 1(144).  l.M. 

.i.-uliclolium  (iiii.-liiKM:!).  1  •.' 

linnin  Micli.x.,  l-.'4. 
Si)Iiiril<>nriilililllll. 

ni,,it<nitliiiil  (iia.v.  4:t. 

Tdiisrlihi. 

Ti.niiiii  <!ra.\.  1  •.':!. 
Tlnspiiiiii  Niitt..  n.  s-.'. 
j         (ilriiiiiiriiiin  inn  Nut  I .,  s:;. 

inn  I  inn.  1 '-'  7. 

liarl.iiKi.lcNutt.iSii),  S4. 

uiiiiiliiiiinii  (iia\ ,  74,  7.-i. 

piniiiililiiliiiii.  S4. 
I         liiirlniiili  ininii  ('<yi\\ .  l".'".. 
!  Iiifoliiilinii  (;iav,  s:!,  r.'7. 

Waltcii  Sliulllw.(S;).  H4. 
•nclciiianiiia  DC.  Id.  Hi. 

lcii.ll.TiC\  l{.C.'7i,  4S. 

lij-i.la  C\  K.r.'ii),  47. 

Ifivtilolia  DCr.Mi.  47. 

trnialaCvV  l(.,  i'.'.-.».  4  7. 
'l'i-.-|.<Kari>iisNiilt.,  17,  :»4. 

.KllMis;r  Null.  (4),  .14. 


144 


lu-a  DC  •>.-.,  1'.'0.  Zizia  Koc-li.  •-'?.  l-:r. 

argiita  C.  \-  H..  r.'n.  :uiit'!i  Kot-li  (148),  i-r,. 

Haifwi'Ki  ('.  \-  H.  (i;!!Si.  1-M.  cunliila  Kot-li  (1401,  ^•r,. 

H.)wcllii  ( '.  &  K..  l-i-3.  ihillii  ( '.  \-  J{..  1  -iti 

K(;llo«-}fii  C.  &  K.  aai»>,  I'M.  iitti'ninima  DC.  lO't. 

J'arisliiiC.  &li..  l-.'l.  iiiinint ili'la  Huckl  .  .S4 
vrslila  C.V  H.  (14(11,  !•.>•; 


-&k 


Daucus 


■epn  carpus 


Ca  u  c  si  15 


para 


Elitu  baenia 


Angelica 


Tiedemannia 


era  c I eu  m 


PdSt 


d  5  c  I  n  a  c  a 


Pol  M  ha  enia 


LdI  D  p  be  ra 


LBptataEnia 


PL     III. 


Peucedanum 


PeuCBdanurri 


PseudDCLimDpbpruE 


PL  V 


CqmnpberLiB 


Phell  D  p  teru 


PL    VI 


Tha  5  p I u  m 


LiquEticum 


c&^ 


Cyno^ciadium 


Eryngiu  m 


5anicula 


Ammosel  mum 


Foeniculur 


Podl5^e^a 


Pimpinella 


Apiastrum 


Musenium 


PL   VIII. 


Eul  Dphus 


Anthriscus     BuplEurum 


ChaEraphijIIum 


D^m  n  rh  I  z  a 


Mu5EniDp5l5 


Canium 


PL. IX, 


Api  u 


Carum 


Hdrhouna 


Cicuba 


AlEbe5 


"^3    \\ 


CrypbohaEnia 


Discopieura 


B  E  r  u  I  a 


B 

/E  g  D  p  D  d  I  u  m 


Zizia 


Leptocaulis 


HydrDcabylE 


EngEnia 


Amm'i 


78  BOTANICAL    GAZETTE.  [April, 


[  From  the  BotaKical  Gazette,  April,  188G.] 

Revision  of  North  American  Hypericaoea*.— I. 

JOHN    M.   COULTER. 

Haviiiii;  studied  llic  North  Ainorioan  sporics  of  Ilyporioacoio 
with  all  the  material  to  l)o  had  at  Canihridgc,  it  seems  to  be 
pro})cr,  before  i)iittin<2;  the  results  into  a  more  permanent  shape, 
to  present  them  to  botanists  for  tlieir  critieisin,  that  they  may  test 
them  in  the  herbarium  and  field,  and  that  the  limitations  of  cer- 
tain speeies  may  be  better  derined.     It  is  with  the  earnest  nvpiest 


BOTANICAL   GAZETTE.  79 

that  botanists  will  thoroughly  examine  this  work  during  the  com- 
ing season  that  this  paper  is  presented,  and  any  specimens  which 
will  correct  either  the  characters  or  ranges  given  will  be  received 
as  a  great  favor.  Of  course  work  done  at  the  Harvard  Herba- 
rium is  of  itself  an  acknowledgment  of  the  great  courtesy  that 
prevails  there,  and  the  patient  criticism  given  to  these  pages  by 
Dr.  Gray  has  given  to  them  probably  their  greatest  value. 

Our  three  genera  may  be  grouped  and  characterized  as  fol- 
lows : 

•■■  Hypogynous  glands  none. 

1.  Ascyrum.  Sepals  4,  very  unequal,  decussate;  the  two  outer  very 
broad  and  flat;  the  inner  much  smaller.  Petals  4,  oblique,  convolute  in  aesti- 
vation, deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  distinct.  Ovary  one-celled,  with  2  to 
4  parietal  placent.T:  styles  2  to  4,  distinct  or  united  below:  stigmas  not  capi- 
tate.    Capsule  ovoid. 

2.  Hypericum.  Sepals  5  (rarely  4),  similar.  Petals  5  (rarely  4),  ob- 
lique, convolute  in  aestivation,  deciduous  or  marcescent.  Stamens  numerous 
(sometimes  few),  in  3  or  5  clusters  :  filaments  distinct  or  united  at  the  very  base 
into  phalanges.  Ovary  one-celled  with  parietal  placent.'v,  or  3  to  5celled  with 
placentae  in  the  axis  :  styles  3  to  5,  distinct  or  united  even  to  the  apex  :  stigmas 
often  cai)itate.     Capsule  conical  to  globose. 

■'•■  *  Hypogynous  glands  three. 

3.  Elodea.  Sepals  5,  equal.  Petals  5,  equal-sided,  imbricate  in  aestiva- 
tion, deciduous.  Stamens  9  (rarely  more),  strongly  triadelphous ;  the  large 
orange-colored  glands  alternating  with  the  phalanges.  Ovary  3-celled  :  styles 
3,  distinct :  stigmas  not  capitate.     Capsule  elongated-oblong. 

1.     ASCYRUM  L.     St.  Peter's-wort. 

Low  suffruticose  leafy  plants ;  with  small  black-dotted  leaves  and 
nearly  solitary  light  vellovv  flowers  ;  pedicels  bibracteolate. — Gen. 
903;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  156  &  671;  Gray,  Gen.  HI.  i.  211,  t. 
91 ;  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  Plant,  i.  164,  excl.  syn.  IsophyUim. — 
A  genus  of  5  species,  peculiar  to  Eastern  North  America  and  the 
West  Indies. 

■•  Ditl'use :  branches  somewhat  two-edged  and  winged  above :  leaves  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  not  clasping:  inner  sepals  very  small  (about  half  line  long) 
or  obsolete,  petaloid  :  petals  about  as  long  as  the  outer  sepals:  styles  two,  dis- 
tinct or  united. 

t  Pedicels  long  (|  to  ^  inch),  bibracteolate  near  the  base:  inner  sepals 
obsolete  or  nearly  so  :  styles  as  long  as  the  ovary. 

1.  A.  puniilnm  Miohx.  Low  (3  to  9  inches),  with  spreading 
branches:  leaves  linear-oblong  to  oval,  sometimes  spatulate  or 
narrowly  obovate, .2  to  4  lines  long,  about  a  line  wide:  pedicels 
becoming  more  or  less  reflexed  :  petals  obovate,  little  longer  than 


80  HoTAMCAi,  (;a/i:tte.  [-M"''^ 

the  ovate,  aciitiM)!' obtuse  outer  sc'})iils. — Fl.  ii.  77;  'I'orr.  tV'  (iniv, 
F\.  i.  15(J. 

A.  paiicilhiiiini  Nutt.  (it'll,  ii.  15;  Chois.  in  DC.  Pnxlr.  i.  555. 

Pine  l):irrtMis  of  Ci(.'nr<,'ia  and  Florida. 

The  specimens  e.\Mniined  wore  ail  from  Florida,  collected  by  Canhy,  Chap- 
man, Curtiss,  and  J.  I).  Smith.  Tiie  original  station  given  by  Michaux  is  in 
Georgia,  in  which  lie  is  confirmed  by  Elliott  and  Nnttall,  as  well  as  by  subse- 
(juent  collections. 

t  t  Pedicels  shorter  (a  line  or  two),  bil)racteolate  close  to  the  flower  :  inner 
sepals  evident :  styles  short. 

'2.  A.  Criix-Aiidreje  I^.  Low  (half  to  a  foot  or  less),  much 
hrjinehed  at  base,  generally  decumbent :  leaves  narrowly  obovate- 
oblong,  I  to  \h  inches  long,  3  to  4  lines  wide,  more  or  less  plainly 
biglandular  at  base:  pedicels  about  a  line  long:  outer  .sepals 
ovate  or  cordate-ovate,  mostly  obtu.se:  petals  linear-oblong  to 
narrowly  obovate. — Spec.  ed.  2,  1107,  excl.  Pluk.  syn.  (which  is 
Hypericiuii  mutilum),  not  ed.  1,  7S7,  fide  Torr.  &  Grav,  Fl.  i.  G71  ; 
Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  155;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  156,  in  part. 

A.  viuUicaule  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  77. 

From  Nantucket,  Mass.,  through  the  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Vir- 
ginia, E.  Texas,  and  S.  Illinois. 

The  narrow-leaved  forms  south  of  this  range  should  be  referred  to  the  fol- 
lowing species,  with  which  A.  Crux-Andre;ehas  unfortunately  been  confounded. 
The  western  forms  all  seem  to  be  taller  and  more  robust  than  those  of  the  At- 
lantic States.  In  reference  to  the  confusion  of  the  synonymy  of  A.  Crux-An- 
drete  and  A.  hypericoides  consult  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  671,  where  the  best  course 
for  settling  the  difficulty  is  suggested.  The  specimens  examined  were  from 
Nantucket  {Mrs.  Owen),  New  Jersey  (Gray,  Parker),  Pennsylvania  {Porta),  Vir- 
ginia {Curlm,  Dana),  S.  Illinois  {Vusey),  W.  Tennessee  {Fendler),  E.  Arkansas 
{Harvey,  52),  E.  Texas  {Hall,  36  in  part). 

3.  A.  hypericoides  L.  Taller  (1  to  2  feet),  more  erect, 
branched  above:  leaves  linear  to  linear-oblong,  3  to  10  lines 
long,  a  line  or  two  wide,  eoiispieuously  biglandular  at  ba.'^e  :  j)edi- 
cels  longer:  outer  sepals  usually  narrower,  often  acute. — Spec. 
ed.  1,  788,  as  to  Plum,  syn.,  ed.  2,  1108,  excl.  Pluk.  svn.  ;  Chois. 
in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  555,  in 'part;  Gri.seb.  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.  112. 

A.  Crux-Anclre(r  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  156,  in  jtart ;  Griseb.  Plant.  Cub.  40 
Chapm.  Fl.  38 ;  indeed  of  all  southern  authors. 

A.  Omx-Andrece  var.  anffustifoHinu  Nutt.  Gen.  ii.  16  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  1.  156. 

A.  Plumkii  Bertol.  Bot.  Misc.  xiii.  ]•»,  t.  3,  f.  3. 

South  Carolina  to  Florida,  Ixnisiana  and  Texas.^  .\lso  in  the  Rermudasi 
W.  Indies,  and  Mexico. 


1886.]  BOTANICAL  GAZETTE,  81 

Much  uncertainty  has  arisen  from  attempting  to  reduce  A.  hypericoides  lo  a 
form  of  A.  Crux-Andre;v,  but  the  larger  more  branching  habit,  narrower  leaves 
with  conspicuous  basal  glands,  as  well  as  a  decidedly  more  southern  range,  serve 
to  distinguish  it.  The  Bermuda  and  Jamaica  plants  are  typical  forms  of  the  spe- 
cies, and  can  by  no  means  be  taken  for  forms  of  A.  Crux-Andrese,  but  those  of 
the  continent  are  more  apt  to  be  perplexing.  The  specimens  examined  were 
from  S.  Carolina  (Ravenel),  Flor.'da  {Curths,  243),  Louisiana  (Drummond, 90  and 
92),  Texas  (Hall,  36  in  part,  Lindheimer) ,  Mexico  (Beiiandier,  989,  2419,  Botieri, 
373),  Cuba  (  Wright,  2129),  Jamaica  {Alexander,  Grisebach,  1497.  811),  Bermuda 
(Lane,  331  in  part). 

**  Erect,  stouter,  a  foot  or  two  high  :  stems  simple  or  branched  above,  con- 
spicuously two-edged,  even  winged:  leaves  broader  and  thicker,  more  or  less 
clasping:  pedicels  2  to  6  lines  long:  inner  sepals  3  to  6  lines  long,  sometimes 
as  long  as  the  outer,  seldom  petaloid  :  petals  mostly  much  longer  than  the  outer 
sepals:  styles  3  (rarely  4),  generally  distinct. 

4.  A.  stalls  MiCHX.  Leaves  oblong  to  oval,  closely  sessile  ami 
somewhat  clasping,  an  inch  or  two  long  and  5  or  6  lines  wide : 
pedicels  bibracteolate  near  the  middle  :  outer  sepals  ovate  to  orbicu- 
lar-cordate ;  inner  ones  lanceolate :  styles  short. — FI.  ii.  77 ; 
Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  555  (but  not  "  2-styled  ") ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  157;  Gray,  Gen.  111.  i.  212,  t.  91. 

A.  hypericoides  L.  Spec.  788,  as  to  Pluk.  syn. ;   Pursh,  373. 

Barrens  of  New  .Jersey  and  E.  Pennsylvania  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  W. 
Texas, 

lu  a  southern  form  (var.  obovatum  Chapm.)  the  lower  leaves  taper  to  the 
base  and  become  almost  obovate.  The  specimens  examined  were  from  New 
Jersey  (many  collectors),  E.  Pennsylvania  (Porter),  Florida  (Curtiss,  244),  Lou- 
isiana (Drummond,  91,  also  Hale,  a  very  large  specimen),  W.  Texas  (  Young). 

5.  A.  aniplexicaule  Michx.  Leaves  ovate -cordate,  often 
broadly  so,  clasping,  half  an  inch  or  more  long  and  nearly  as  wide  : 
pedicels  with  very  small  bractlets  near  the  base  or  none :  outer 
sepals  broadly  ovate-cordate,  resembling  the  leaves;  inner  ones 
linear-lanceolate :  styles  about  as  long  as  the  ovary. — Fl.  ii.  77  ; 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  157. 

A.  titans  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1473. 
A.  stans  var.  /S  Chois.  Prodr.  Hyper.  61. 
A.  Cubense  Griseb.  Plant.  Cub.  40  (  Wright,  2128). 
Hypericum  tetrapetalum  Lam.  Diet.  iv.  153. 
Georgia  and  Florida.     Also  in  Cuba. 

The  specimens  examined  were  from  Florida  (Buckley,  Palmer,  Curtiss,  Gar- 
ber),  Georgia,  and  Cuba  ( Wright,  2128). 

2.     IIYPEIUCUM  Tourn.,  L,     St.  John's-wort. 
Herbs  or  shrubs;   with  cymose  yellow  flowers;   the  sessile  leaves 


82  IJOTANICAL    (JAZETTE.  [ApHl, 

more  or  less  ])oIliuM(.l-[>iinctate  and  black-dotted:  very  variable 
in  size  of  leaves,  sej>als,  and  flowers. — Gen.  902  ;  Torr.  <fc  Gray, 
Fl.  i.  157;  Gray,  Gen.  111.  i.  213,  t.  92,  93:  Benth.  &  Hook. 
Gen.  Plant,  i.  iOo,  exel.  Elodea.  Sarothra  L.  Gen.  383.  Bra- 
thi/s,  Braf/n/dinm,  Myriandra,  Roscyna,  and  hophiiUnni  of  Si)ach, 
Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2.  v.  3()7. — A  genus  of  about  160  species,  widely 
distributed,  but  chiefly  of  northern  temperate  regions;  all  bui 
three  of  the  29  North  American  species  restricted  to  the  Atlantic 
U.S. 

H.  selosum  L.  Spec.  787,  with  the  character  only  "  lioribus  digynis,  foliis 
linearibus,"  represents  no  plant  known  to  Linna>us,  but  is  a  complex  wholly 
founded  on  a  phrase  of  Gronov.  Fl.  Virg.,  which  belongs  to  H.  pilomm  Walt., 
and  to  one  of  Pink.  Aim.,  which  is  H.  nudicmde  Walt.,  whence  the  "digynis" 
and  the  suggestion  of  the  specific  name. 

H.  elatum  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  iii.  104,  proves  to  be  //.  hircinuvi  L.,  or  some 
nearly  related  Old  World  species. 

H.  triplinerve  Vent.  Hort.  Cels.  t.  58,  must  also  be  an  Old  World  species, 
related  to  H.  hyssopifolium  L. 

il.  Sepals  and  petals  4,  or  occasionally  5:  stamens  numerous,  distinct 
styles  3,  at  first  united  into  a  long  sharp  beak,  becoming  distinct:  capsule  1- 
celled,  the  placentaj  projecting  :  branching  shrubs. — IsophyUum  Spach. 

1.  H.  inierosepaliiiu  Gray.  Decumbent  or  erect,  half  to  a 
foot  high  or  more :  leaves  very  small,  oblong-linear,  3  or  4  lines 
long,  hardly  a  line  wide,  obtuse:  flowers  .showy, about  an  inch  in 
diameter,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  :  sepals  slightly 
unequal,  linear  to  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the 
somewhat  unequal  petals  :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  2  to  3  lines  long  ; 
seeds  oblong,  minutelv  striate  and  fltted. — Watson,  Bibl.  Index, 
Polypet.  456. 

IsophyUum  Drumnumdii  Spach,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2.  v.  367. 

Ascy7-um  microsepcdum  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  157 ;  Gray,  Hen.  111.  i.  212 ; 
Chapm.  Fl.  39. 

Georgia  and  Florida. 

This  species  is  intermediate  between  Ascyrum  and  Hypericum,  and  Spach 
separated  it  from  both  by  founding  the  genus  IsophyUum.  The  habit,  small 
and  nearly  equal  .sepals,  and  long  beak-like  styles,  all  belong  to  Hypericum, 
while  the  4-merous  Hower  associates  it  with  Ascyrum.  As  the  Howers  are  also 
sometimes  5-merous  it  seems  most  proper  to  consider  it  an  outlying  species  of 
Hypericum. 

^2.     Stamens  very  numerou.s,  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united  into  set,s. 

*" Styles  5,  united  below,  distinct  above;  stigmas  capitate  :  capsule  5-cel led, 
the  placenta*  turned  far  I)ack  from  the  a.xis:  tall  perennial  horlis  with  large 
leaves  anil  flowers. 


l.S.Sfi]  BOTANICAL    (iAZPyPTE.  83 

2.  H.  Aseyi'on  L.  Usually  branching  above,  2  to  5  feet 
high  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  clasping,  mostly  acute,  2  to  5  inches 
long,  about  an  inch  Avide,  pellucid-punctate  with  elongated  dots: 
flowers  an  inch  or  two  in  diameter,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  branches 
and  in  terminal  cymes :  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  4  to  G 
lines  long:  capsule  ovoid-conical,  9  lines  long;  seeds  terete,  with 
slightly  winged  rhaphe. — Spec.  2  ed.  1102;  Maxim.  PI.  Nov. 
Asiat.  iv.  162. 

H.  pyramidatum  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  iii.  103 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  158 ;  Gray, 
Manual,  84. 

H.  aseyroides  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1448;  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  Mb,  Hook.  Fl. 
Bor.-Am.  i.  109. 

if.  macrocarpum  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  82. 

From  Canada  to  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  E.  Pennsylva- 
nia, westward  to  N.  Illinois,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  the  Winnipeg  valley, 
and  probably  farther  northwest.  Also  throughout  northeastern  Asia,  and  in 
Europe. 

Our  plant  can  not  be  distinguished  in  any  way  from  the  Asiatic,  and  was 
included  with  it  in  the  original  Linmiean description  {^'Habitat in  Sibiria,  Can- 
ada, Pyrenseis.")  Maximowicz  (1.  c.)  has  called  attention  to  the  identity  of  the 
North  American  and  Asiatic  forms,  and  a  careful  comparison  of  specimens  has 
fully  confirmed  his  opinion. 

**  Styles  united  iuto  a  long,  sharp  beak,  becoming  distinct;  stigmas 
minute,  not  capitate  :  more  or  less  shrubby  plants. 

t  Styles  5:  capsule  5-celled  :  bushy  shrubs  with  crowded  leaves. 

3.  fl.  Kalniianuni  L.  A  foot  or  two  high :  leaves  linear  to 
oblanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  one  or  two  inches  long,  2  to  4 
lines  wide,  pellucid-punctate  with  round  dots,  glaucous  beneath  : 
cymes  few-flowered  :  sepals  lanceolate  to  oval,  half  as  long  as  the 
petals:  capsule  ovate,  about  3  lines  long;  seeds  abruptly  and  mi- 
nutely pointed.— Spec.  783;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  i.  8G,  t.  13;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  158. 

Rocky  shores,  Canada,  Niagara  Falls,  and  about  the  Great  Lakes. 

1 1  Styles  3  :  capsule  completely  3-celled  :  branching  shrubs. 

4.  H.  Bu(;kleyi  M.  A.  Curtlss.  Low  (half  to  a  foot),  widely 
branching  from  the  base  :  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  base, 
half  to  an  inch  long.  2  to  4  lines  wide,  paler  beneath  and  more 
or  less  black  dotted :  flowers  solitary  and  terminal,  on  long 
peduncles,  .sometimes  in  threes, about  an  inch  in  diameter:  sepals 
obovate,  not  half  as  long  as  the  petals :  capsule  conical,  4  to  5 


84  BOTANICAL   GAZETTE.  [April. 

lines  long:    seeds  striate,  with   jirominont  rhaphe.  —  Am.  Jour. 
Sci.  1.  xliv.  80;  Chapin.  Fl.  80. 

Cliffs,  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Georgia. 

5.  H.  prolificuin  L.  Ix'avcs  linear-lanceolate  to  narrowly 
oblong,  narrowed  at  base,  mostly  obtuse  and  mucronulate,  1  to  3 
inches  long,  3  to  9  lines  wide,  with  smaller  ones  in  axillary 
fascicles :  flowers  numerous,  half  to  an  inch  in  diameter :  sepals 
unequal,  foliaceous,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  raucronate,  much  shorter 
than  the  petals:  capsule  lanceolate  to  ovate,  4  to  6  lines  long; 
seeds  striate. — Mant,  106;  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  547;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  159,  excl.  var.  y. 

H.  rosmarinifoHum  Lam.  Diet.  iv.  159;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

Myriandra  ledifolia  Spach,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  2.  v.  36-5. 

From  New  Jersey  and  District  of  Columbia,  to  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Mis- 
souri, Kentucky,  Illinois,  and  Minnesota. 

This  species  varies  greatly  in  size,  and  in  width  of  leaves,  the  southern  forms 
often  approaching  the  next  species  in  appearance,  but  readily  di-stingnished  by 
the  much  larger  and  fewer  capsules  and  flowers. 

6.  H.  (lensifloruni  Pursil  More  shrubby  and  taller,  some- 
times 5  or  6  feet  high,  much  more  branching:  leaves  more 
crowded,  narrower  and  shorter  :  flowers  much  more  numerous 
and  smaller:  sepals  smaller,  not  foliaceous:  capsule  2  to  3  lines 
long.— Fl.  376 ;  Chois.  1.  c. 

H.  galioides  Pursh,  376,  not  Lam. 

H.  prolificum  var.(?)^  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c. 

H.prolijicum  var.  deasiflornm  Gray,  Manual,  84. 

Myriandra  spathulata  Si)ach,  1.  c. 

Pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  to  Floriila,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  and  Texas. 

Large  leaved  forms  from  New  .Jersey  {Canhy)  seem  to  intergrade  with  the 
last  species,  but  the  characters  of  capsules  and  flowers  plainly  indicate  H.  den- 
siflorum.  Between  closely  related  species  it  is  to  be  expected  that  intermediate 
form.s  will  occur. 

tttStyles  3:  capsule  1-celled,  or  almost  3-celled  by  the  projecting  pla- 
centae :  shrubby  at  least  at  base. 

X  Placenta;  projecting  nearly  to  the  center  of  the  ovary. 

=  Sepals  broad,  ovate,  foliaceous:  Ho wers  large  and  showy,  solitary  or  in 
leafy  cymes:  leaves  rather  broad  and  somewhat  coriaceous:  shrubby. 

7.  H.  aureniii  Bartram.  Widely  branched  above,  2  to  4 
feet  high  :  leaves  oblong,  niore  or  less  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse  or 
acute,  1  to  3  inches  long,  3  to  9  lines  wide:  flowers  often  solitary, 


1886.]  BOTANICAL   GAZETTE.  85 

1  or  2  inches  in  diameter,  very  showy  :  sepals  very  unequal,  often 
enclosing  the  capsule  :  petals  orange-yellow,  firm,  reflexed  :  sta- 
mens excessively  numerous:  capsule  ovate-conical,  not  lobed,  3 
to  5  lines  long.— Travels,  383;  Torr.  <S:  (iray,  Fl.  i.  161. 

H.frondosum  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  81 ;  Chois.  in  DC;.  Prodr.  i.  544. 
H.  ascyroides  var.  /?  Poir.  Suppl.  iii.  694. 
H.  amnenum  Pursh,  375  ;  Nntt.  Gen.  ii.  10 ;  Chois.  1.  c. 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  to  Tennessee,  Alabama,  and  Texas. 
Varies  much  in  the  size  of  its  leaves  and  sepals,  the  mountain  forms  usu- 
ally having  smaller  leaves. 

8.  fl.  niyrtifoliuiu  Lam.  More  or  less  branching:  leaves 
cordate-oblong,  clasping,  obtuse,  half  to  an  inch  long,  3  to  6  lines 
wide,  those  of  the  cyme  much  smaller  :  flowers  not  an  inch  in  di- 
ameter, in  compound  cymes :  sepals  resembling  the  leaves,  larger 
than  the  floral  bracts,  often  reflexed  :  capsule  as  in  the  last,  but 
coriaceous  and  3  or  4-lobed  or  angled, — Diet.  iv.  180;  Chois.  I.e. 
547;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  162. 

H.  glaucum  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  78;  Chois.  1.  c. 

H.  rosmarinifolium  Chois.  1.  c,  not  Lam. 

H.  sessiliflarum  Willd.  Spreng.  Syst.  iii.  346;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c  166. 

From  South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Alabama. 

=^  =^  Sepals  small,  very  narrow :  flowers  small,  axillary  and  terminal  : 
leaves  narrow  and  much  fascicled  in  the  axils  :  shrubby  and  branching. 

9.  H.  fasciculatura  Lam.  One  to  three  feet  high  :  leaves  very 
narrowly  linear  and  revolute,  coriaceous,  crowded,  closely  sessile, 
not  tapering  at  base,  usually  with  a  line  of  large  pellucid  glands 
upon  each  revolute  edge,  2  to  8  lines  long :  sepals  resembling 
the  leaves,  shorter  than  the  petals :  capsule  3-lobed,  oblong-  to 
ovate-conical,  few-seeded,  a  line  or  two  long. — Diet.  iv.  160; 
Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  554;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  160. 

H.  nitidum  Lam.  1.  c. 

H.  aspalathoides  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1451  ;   Pursh,  376. 

H.  fascicidatum  var.  aspalathoides  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  672. 

Myriandra  nitida,  hrachyphylla,  and  galimdes  of  Spach. 

Wet  pine  barrens,  from  North  Carolina  to  Florida.  Louisiana,  and  E. 
Texas. 

Very  variable  in  length  and  fasciculation  of  leaves.  Lamarck's  original 
specimen  is  our  short-leaved  form  (var.  aspalathoides),  while  his  H.  nilidum  is  a 
loose,  long-leaved  form,  approaching  some  forms  of  the  next  species. 

10.  H.  galioides  Lam.  Like  the  last,  but  leaves  longer  and 
broader,  linear-lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  generally  mucronate, 


86  HOTANtCAL   fJAZETTE.  [April, 

always  tapering  and  siibpotiolato  at  base,  not  so  revoluto,  half  to 
three  inclies  long,  as  many  lines  wide:  sepals  linear-lanecoiate, 
acute,  tapering  at  base,  shorter  or  longer  than  the  petals. — Diet. 
iv.  IGl ;  Chois.  1.  c.  550;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  159. 

II.  uxillare  Lam.  1.  c.  160,  not  Miclix. 

Il.fasciculaium  Michx.  Wilkl.  Spec.  iii.  1452,  not  Lam. 
?  J/,  ambiguum  Elliott,  ii.  30 ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  102  and  073. 

H.  galioidef;  var.  ambujuum  Chapm.  Fl.  40. 

Myriandra  ^fi^■hau.rn  Spach. 

Wet  ground,  from  Delaware  to  Georgia,  E.  Tennessee,  and  Louisiana. 

These  two  species  are  inextricably  connected  by  intermediate  forms,  and 
it  is  a  question  whether  H.  galwidcs,  should  lie  considered  more  than  a  variety 
of  H.  fasciculatum.  But  the  extreme  forms  are  so  remarkably  difT'erent  in  ap- 
pearance that  for  the  present,  at  least,  they  are  kept  separate. 

=  =r  =  Sepals  small :  flowers  small,  in  naked  cymes  :  leaves  rather  broad, 
thin  and  veiny:  somewhat  shi-ubby  at  base,  a  foot  or  two  high,  simple  or 
branching. 

11.  H.  adpressuni  Bartox.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  nar- 
rowly oblong,  mostly  acute,  ascending,  al)out  two  inciies  long,  8  to 
4  lines  wide,  revolute,  pellucid-punctate  without  black  dots,  trans- 
lucently  veiny  :  cymes  leafy  only  at  base,  dichotomal  flowers  very 
short  pedicclled:  sepals  linear  to  lanceolate,  acute,  half  to  two- 
tiiirds  as  long  as  the  petals,  often  reflcxed  :  capsule  ovate  to  ob- 
long, about  2  lines  long;  seeds  oblong. — Fl.  Philad.  ii.  15;  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  i.  159. 

H.  Bonapart&v,  Barton,  Fl.  N.  Am.  iii.  95,  t.  100. 
H.  fadUjiatum  Elliott,  ii.  31  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  166. 
H.  adprexfium  Vdr.fcuitUjialnm,  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  673. 

Moist  ground,  Nantu(!ket  to  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Georgia. 

12.  H.  cistifoliuin  Lam.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
obtuse,  2  or  3  inches  long,  half  an  inch  wide,  })ellucid-])unctate  with 
very  small  crowded  dots:  cymes  pedunculate,  loosely-flowered, 
dichotomal  flowers  pedicelled  :  sepals  variable,  linear  to  oblong, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  petals:  capsule  ovate-conical,  about  -3 
lines  long;  seeds  cylindrical,  with  ])rominent  rhaphe. — Diet,  i v. 
158,  not  of  Torr.  cS^.  CJray,  Fl.  i.  G74,  Chapm.  Fl.  41,  etc. 

//.  nudijionnn  Michx.  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1456;  Torr.  <t  Gray,  1.  c.  102; 
Chapm.  1.  c. ;    Ciray,  Manual,  84. 

From  North  ("arolina  through  Georgia  and  Alaltaina  to  Texas. 

As  our  //.  niidijloniiii  has  proved  to  be  Lamarck's  //.  ri-'llfoliinii,  (lie  latter 
name  as  applicil   in  Watsdu's  IJibiiographical   Index,  p.   125,  must  disappear. 


1886.]  BOTANICAL,   GAZETTE.  87 

This  leaves,  as  the  oldest  unoccupied  name,  -H.  opacum  of  Torrey  &  Gray,  which 
accordingly  reappears  as  a  specific  name. 

tt  Placentiv  projecting  a  little,  or  not  at  all :  sepals  unequal. 

=  Leaves  mostly  linear,  with  rather  large  and  scattered  pellucid  dots  :  flow- 
ers in  somewhat  leafy-bracted  cymes:  capsule  conical  or  globose;  seeds  large, 
oval,  strongly  rugose  transversely. 

13.  H.  spliarocarpuru  Micnx.  Simple  or  l)ranchcd,  1  to  3 
feet  high  :  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  2  to  3 
inches  long,  3  to  6  lines  wide:  cyme  loosely -flowered,  dicho- 
tomal  flower  mostly  sessile:  sepals  varying  from  small  and  linear 
to  ovate  and  as  long  as  the  petals :  capsule  from  depressed  glo- 
bose to  ovoid,  about  2  lines  long  ;  rhaphe  almost  winged. — Fl.  ii. 
78;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fh  i.  163. 

Kocky  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries,  southward  to  Arkansas. 

This  stands  as  a  very  good  species,  easily  distinguished  from  any  likely  to 
be  confounded  with  it,  by  its  strictly  one-celled  capsule  and  large  very  rough 
seeds.  In  fact,  the  seeds  are  the  most  characteristic  ones  of  the  genus.  By  some 
mistake  the  specific  name  has  been  often  written  H.  sphcerocarpon,  while  the 
original  name  is  as  above. 

14.  H.  dolabrifornie  Vent.  Low,  straggling,  6  to  18  inches 
high:  leaves  linear  to  linear -lanceolate,  widely  sj)reading,  about 
an  inch  long,  a  line  or  two  wide,  mostly  acute  :  cyme  few-flowered, 
dichotomal  flower  pedicelled:  sepals  large  and  foliaceons,  lance- 
olate to  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  petals:  capsule 
ovate-conical,  almost  triquetrous,  about  3  lines  long,  coriaceous. 
— Hort.  Cels.  t  45;  Pursh,  378;  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  547; 
Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  162. 

H.  procumbens  Desf.  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1450;  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  81;  Pursh,  379; 
Chois.  1.  c. 

Dry  hills,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

=  =  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse  :  flowers  in  nearly  naked  cymes:  capsule  ovate  ; 
seeds  oblong,  minutely  striate  and  pitted. 

15.  H.  opacum  Torr.  &  Gray.  One  to  four  feet  high  : 
leaves  linear  oblong,  about  an  inch  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide,  closely 
sessile,  ])ellucid-punctate  with  minute  crowded  dots:  flowers  3  to 
5  lines  in  diameter,  in  divaricate  cymes,  the  dichotomal  flowers 
mo.stly  sessile :  sepals  oblong  to  obovate,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  bright  yellow  petals:  capsule  2  to  3  lines  long. — Fl.  i.  163. 

Ii.  jiundulotium  Ijertol.  I'ot.  Misc.  xiii.  18,  t.  .'5,  f.  2. 

B.  cislifnlium  Watson,  Bibl.  Index,  Polypct.  125,  not  Lam. 

South  Carolina  to  Georgia,  Florida,  and  Mississippi. 


8<S  BOTANICAL   GAZKTTE.  [April, 

16.  H.  ellipticuiii  Hook.  Mostly  herbaceous,  10  to  20  inches 
high  :  leaves  elliptical-oblong,  sessile  or  tapering  at  base,  ^  to  1^ 
inches  long,  3  to  5  lines  wide,  pellucid-punctate  with  large  scat- 
tered dots,  translu{;ently  veiny:  flowers  4  to  6  lines  in  diameter, 
in  few-Howered  cymes,  the  dichotomal  flowers  pedicelled  :  sej)als 
mostly  foliaceous  and  spreading,  oblanceolate  to  narrowly  obu- 
vate,  usually  shorter  than  the  pale  yellow  petals:  capsule  as  in 
the  last.— Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  110;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  164. 

H.  Kpharocarpum  Barton,  Fl.  Philad.  ii.  14,  not  Michx. 
In  moist  ground,  from  Caniula  to  Pennsylvania,  westward  to  the  Winnipeg 
valley. 


lOG  BOTANICAL    GAZETTE.  [May, 


[From  the  Botanil'ai,  Gazkttic,  May,  ISSO.] 

Revision  of  North  American  H)  pericacese. — II. 

JOHN    M.   COULTER. 

«  *»  Styles  3  or  4,  very  long,  distinct  and  spreading,  stigmas  capitate: 
capsule  ovate,  strictly  one-celled,  a  line  or  two  long  ;  seeds  minutely  striate  and 
pitted  :  simple  or  branching  herbs,  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  small  distant  ascend- 
ing sessile  or  clasping  leaves,  and  the  uppermost  branches  of  the  cyme  bearing 
alternate  distant  flowers. 

17.  H.  virgatum  Lam.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  half  to  au  inch  long,  2  to  4  lines  wide :  flowers  bright  yel- 
low, 4  to  8  lines  in  diameter,  in  nearly  naked  cymes:  sepals  lan- 
ceolate to  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  keeled  below,  more  or  less 
foliaceous  and  enclosing  the  small  capsule. — Diet.  iv.  158  ;  Chois. 
in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  547;  Torr.  ct  Gray,  Fl.  i.  166. 

H.  anrjulosum  Michx.  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1453  ;  Chois.  1.  c.  546  ;  Torr.  &  Gray, 
1.  c.  164  and  673  ;  Gray,  Manual,  85. 

H.  hedyolifolium  Poir.  Suppl.  vii.  700. 

Wet  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  to  Florida  and  Kentucky. 

This  species  is  exceedingly  variable  iu  the  size  of  its  leaves,  but  this  is  a 
characteristic  of  the  whole  genus,  and  has  led  to  much  confusion  in  attempt- 
ing to  construct  species  upon  leaf  characters.  The  broader-leaved,  more  nortli- 
ern  forms  are  to  be  referred  to  the  species,  while  associated  with  it  at  the  south 
is 

Var.  acutifoliuiii.  Usually  taller  and  more  branching:  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  very  acute  apex,  an  inch  or  more 
long,  a  line  or  two  wide. 

H.  aculifoUiim  Ell.  ii.  26  ;  Torr.  cSiGray,  Fl.  i.  167. 

18.  H.  pilosum  Walter.  Scabrous  tomentose,  mostly  sim- 
ple :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  appresscd,  4  to  6  lines  long, 
about  a  line  or  two  wide,  sometimes  much  reduced  :  flowers  3  to 
5  lines  in  diamater,  iu  few-flowered  cymes:  sepals  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute:  petals  more  than  twice  as  long,  involute  when  old. — 
Fl.  Car.  190;  Chois.  1.  c.  549;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  163. 

H.  setomim  L.  as  to  Clayton's  plant  in  Gronov.  Virg.  88. 

H.  simplex  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  80  ;  Chois.  1.  c. 

Ascyi-um  villomm  L.  Spec.  788. 

Wet  pine  barrens,  South  Carolina,  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 


l.SSI).]  IJOTANICAL   (JAZETTE.  107 

*  *  •■■  *  Styles  3,  long,  distinct  ami  usually  spreading  ;  stigmas  capitate:  cap- 
sule ovate,  3-celled,  more  or  less  glandular  and  exhaling  a  heavy  odor  when 
crushed  ;  seeds  as  in  the  last:  whole  plant  (including  petals  and  anthers)  more 
or  less  black  dotted:  herl)s,  with  rather  large  leaves  and  flowers,  the  petals 
much  longer  tlian  the  sepals. 

t  Eastern  species:  plants  1  to  4  feet  high  :  capsules  mostly  not  lohed. 

19.  H.  PERFORATUM  L.  Much  branched  :  leaves  linear  to 
oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  tapering  at  base,  half  to  an  inch  long,  1 
to  5  lines  wide  :  llowcrs  numerous  in  loose  cymes,  about  an  inch 
in  diameter:  sej)als  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute  or  acuminate: 
petals  bright  yellow,  black  dotted  along  the  margin :  capsule 
conical-ovate,  2  or  3  lines  long. 

Common  everywhere  in  old  fields  as  a  weed  difficult  to  extirpate.  (Nat. 
from  Europe.) 

20.  H.  niaculatum  Walter.  Simple  below,  more  or  less 
branched  above,  conspicuously  dotted  all  over:  leaves  oblong  to 
lance-ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  more  or  less  clasping,  sometimes 
tapering  at  base,  1  to  3  inches  long,  4  to  9  lines  Avide :  flowers 
smaller,  3  to  6  lines  iii  diameter,  crowded  :  sepals  lanceolate  to 
ovate,  acute  :  petals  pale  yellow,  with  black  lines  as  well  as  dots  : 
capside  conical-ovate,  2  or  3  lines  long. — Fl.  Car.  189;  Michx. 
Fl.  ii.  80;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  161  and  (373. 

H.  Virffinicum  Walter,  189. 

H.pundaium  Lam.  Diet.  iv.  164  :  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i,  547  ;  Reich.  Hort. 
Bot.  i.  61,  t.  88. 

H.  corymbosun  Muhl.  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1457;  Torr.  &  Gray,  1.  c.  1(;0;  (Jray, 
Manual,  85. 

JI.  micranlhnm  Chois.  Prodr.  Plyper.  44,  t.  5;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  100. 

From  Canada  and  Minnesota  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

This  species  is  quite  variable  in  the  length  of  its  styles,  and  upon  the  char- 
acters of  short  and  long  styles  H.  corymbosum  and  H.  maculatum  were  form- 
erly separated.  This  distinction,  however,  does  not  hold,  as  although  the 
northern  forms  are  mostly  shorter  styled  the  same  forms  are  also  found  at  the 
south  associated  with  the  longer  styled  forms.  Besides  it  is  only  in  extreme 
cases  that  the  styles  are  very  different  in  length,  and  there  is  every  gradation 
between.  The  long  styled  forms  of  the  south  represent  this  species  as  formerly 
defined,  which  must  now  be  made  to  include  also  II.  corymbosum.  The  south- 
ern plants  also  usually  have  more  glandular  capsules. 

21.  H.^raveolen.s  BrfKLEV.  Simple,  or  somewhat  branched 
above:  leaves  large,  elliptical-oblong,  obtuse,  closely  sessile  or 
clasping,  2  or  3  inches  long, about  an  inch  wide:  Howers  an  inch 
or  more  in  diameter,  in  few-Uowered  cymes  :  sepals  lanceolate, 


108  BOTANICAL   GAZETTE.  [^^7* 

very  aciito  :  petals  very  scantily  black  dotted,  if  at  all:  capsule 
somewhat  lobed,  ovate,  3  to  5  lines  long. — Am.  Jonr.  Sci.  I.  xlv. 
174 ;  Gray,  Genera  111.  i.  214,  t.  02,  Manual,  85  ;  Cluipm.  Fl.  41. 

Mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

1 1  Western  species:  plants  3  inches  to  2  feet  high  :  capsules  o-lobed,  3  or 
4  lines  long:  petals  bright  yellow,  often  tinged  with  purple,  with  a  few  black 
dots  along  the  margin. 

22.  H.  foniiosuni  HBK.  var,  Scoiileri.  From  running  root- 
stocks,  simj)le  or  somewhat  brandling,  often  with  numerous 
small  branchlets,  a  half  to  two  feet  high  :  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  more  or  less  clasping,  about  an  inch  long,  half  inch  or 
more  wide  (those  of  the  branchlets  much  smaller  and  often  ta})er- 
ing  at  base),  usually  black  dotted  along  the  margin  of  the  under 
surface,  veiny :  flowers  half  to  an  inch  in  diameter,  in  loose 
corymbs :  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute :  styles 
mostly  erect. 

H.  Scouleri  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  Ill ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  160;  and  of 
all  authors. 

Throughout  all  our  western  mountain  systems,  and  extending  into  British 
Columbia. 

Exceedingly  variable.  The  species  is  Mexican,  and  differs  from  our  va- 
riety only  in  its  narrower  and  acuminate  sepals.  It  is  really  questionable 
whether  our  forms  deserve  to  rank  even  as  a  variety,  as  there  are  found  among 
them  sepals  which  ai-e  almost  indistinguishable  from  those  of  H.  formosum. 

23.  H.  coueiiiuuin  Bexth.  Somewhat  shrubby  and  branching 
at  base,  3  to  18  inches  high  :  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  not  clasp- 
ing, usually  folded,  half  to  over  an  inch  long,  1  to  4  lines  wide, 
acute  :  flowers  over  an  inch  in  diameter,  few,  in  rather  close  clus- 
ters at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  with  black  lines  as  well  as  dots: 
sepals  ovate,  mucronate-acute,  or  very  acuminate,  longer  than  the 
capsule.— PI.  Hartw.  300;  Brewer  &  Watson,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  81. 

H.  bradealum  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  65. 

California.     First  collected  by  Hartwccj,  in  the  "  Sacramento  Valley." 

J3.  Stamens  5  to  20,  mostly  in  3  clusters:  styles  3  (sometimes  2),  short, 
distinct;  stigmas  capitate  :  capsules  ovate  to  conical,  one-celled  ;  seeds  yellow, 
more  or  less  striate  and  pitted  :  small  and  slender  annuals,  with  very  small 
flowers,  and  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

"•■•Procumbent  or  ascending,  or  forming  dense  mats,  diffusely  branching : 
leaves  rather  broad,  obtuse,  clasping:  capsule  a  line  or  two  long. 


188G.]  ROTANIOAL    fJAZETTE.  109 

24.  H.  aiia^alloides  Cham.  S:  ScHLEfirr.  Often  forming 
dense  mats:  stenis  an  inch  to  a  foot  long:  leaves  oblong  to 
broadly  ovate,  very  obtnse,  5  to  7-nerved  at  base,  2  to  6  lines 
long,  almost  as  broad  :  flowers  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter,  in  few- 
flowered  naked  or  leafy  cymes:  sepals  foliaceons,  nnecjual,  lanc(! 
olato  to  broadly  ovate,  longer  than  the  ovate  capsules:  stamens 
15  to  20. — Linntca,  iii.  127;   Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  107  and  (j74. 

?  H.  mulilum  Watson,  King's  Report,  v.  46. 

In  wet  ground  from  Southern  California  to  Washington  Territory,  Mon- 
tana (  WaUon),  and  British  Columbia.     Also  in  adjacent  Mexico. 
Possibly  this  is  but  a  form  of  H.  Japonicum  Thunb. 

25.  H.  iiiutiluiii  L.  Like  the  last,  but  more  erect  and  dif- 
fusely branching,  a  half  to  a  foot  (or  even  two  feet)  high  :  leaves 
narrowly  oblong  to  somewhat  ovate,  half  to  an  inch  long,  2  to  4 
lines  wide,  5-nerved  at  base:  flowers  in  very  loose  leafy  cymes: 
sepals  linear  to  lanceolate,  usiiallv  shorter  than  the  ovate  capsule  : 
stamens  (J  to  12  —Spec.  787;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  164. 

//.  quinquenervium  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  190  ;  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  550  ;  Hook. 
Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  110. 

JI.  parviflomm  Willd.  Spec.  iii.  1456;  Pursh.  377. 

H.  stellarioides  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  v.  196. 

Low  grounds,  from  Canada  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  in  adjacent 
Mexico. 

Quite  variable  in  size,  and  in  some  forms  closely  resemblinj^  the  last  spe- 
cies. 

■**  Almost  simple,  with  strict  stems  and  branches:  (lowers  in  naked  cymes: 
sepals  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate. 

26.  H.  syiniianthiim  Exgei-m.  &  Gray.  A  f)ot  to  three 
feet  high  :  leaves  cordate-ovate,  clasping,  often  quite  distant,  half 
inch  or  more  long,  5  to  7-nerved  and  3  to  5  lines  wide  at  base, 
tapering  to  an  acute  or  obtuse  apex  :  flowers  in  strict  mostlv  few- 
flowered  elongated  cymes:  sepals  a  line  or  two  long,  about  as 
long  as  the  ovate-conic  capsule :  stamens  10  to  12. —  IM.  Lindh. 
4;  Walp.  Ann.  ii.  188. 

II.  mulilum  var.  gymnanthum  Gray,  Manual,  86. 

Delaware,  Pennsylvania  and  Illinois,  to  Louisiana  and  Texas. 

The  strict  habit  and  naked  cymes  reseml)K'  tiic  following  species.  Lithe 
Bcrichle  der  DeulHchen  ButuiiUchcn  (IfxrlUrluift  for  Feb.  1SS5,  R.  v.  I'echtritz  and 
P.  Ascherson  refer  this  species  to  //.  Japonicum  Tliunb.  They  well  establish  it 
as  a  species  distinct  from  H.  miuilum,  but  an  examination  of  many  specimens 
of  II.  .Japonicum  shows  it   to  be  very  distimt    from   that  species  also.     If  II. 


110  P.OTAXICAL   GAZETTE.  [May, 

Japoniciim  is  represented  in  our  flora  at  all,  it  is  our  western  II.  anngalloides. 
This  last  named  species  approaches  very  nearly  our  eastern  H.  mutilura,  to 
which  species  H.  gymnanthum  has  been  referred.  This  is  the  closest  relation- 
ship we  can  trace  between  H.  Japonicum  and  H.  gymnanthum.  If  these  two 
are  one,  then  must  H.  mutilum  and  H.  anagalloides  follow,  and  with  such  a 
limitation  our  species  of  Hypericum  could  be  reduced  to  very  few. 

27.  H.  Caiiadense  L.  A  half  to  a  foot  or  more  high:  leaves 
linear  to  linear  lanceolate,  glandular  dotted  beneath,  mostly  ta- 
pering to  the  sessile  3-nerved  base,  half  to  an  inch  or  more  long, 
a  line  or  two  wide:  flowers  in  loose  cymes:  stamens  5  to  10: 
capsule  very  acutely  conical,  2  or  3  lines  long,  longer  or  shorter 
than  the  sepals. — Spec.  785;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  1.  89;  Torr.  & 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  165. 

//.  thesiiffoHnm,  paudflorum,  and  Momnense  HBK.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  v.  192 
and  l'j;5. 

Wet  sandy  soil,  from  Canada  to  Georgia,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  the  Win- 
nipeg valley. 

Exceedingly  variable  in  size.  The  extreme  forms  may  he  grouped  under 
ihe  following  varieties: 

Yar.  major  Gray.  Stems  much  stouter  and  taller:  leaves 
larger,  an  inch  or  two  long,  4  to  6  lines  wide,  lanceolate,  more  or 
less  clasping,  often  very  acute :  flowers  in  larger  more  crowded 
cymes:  sepals  long  pointed:  capsules  larger. — Manual,  8G. 

From  Canada  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  and  about  the  Great  Lakes. 

Yar.  miniinum  Chois.  Dwarf,  1  to  3  inches  high,  simple,  few- 
flowered  :  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  4  to  5  lines  long,  a  line  or  two 
wide,  smaller  and  more  crowded  below. — DC.  Prodr.  i.  550; 
Hook.  Fl.  Bor.-Am.  i.  110. 

On  wet  rocks,  Canada,  to  Wisconsin  (Lapham),  and  "Cypress  Hills,"  N.  W. 
T.  (Macoun). 

*  «■  5  Bnshy  branching,  with  rigid  erect  black-dotted  stems  and  branches: 
leaves  very  slender  and  rigid  or  minute,  erect  or  appressed:  flowers  scattered 
nlong  the  upper  part  of  leafy  branches. 

28.  H.  Drumniondii  Torr  &  Gray.  Stem  and  alternate 
branches  rather  stout,  10  to  30  inches  high  :  leaves  linear-subu- 
late, erect,  a  fourth  to  an  incii  long,  one-nerved  :  Howers  pedi- 
cellate: stamens  10  to  20:  capsule  ovate,  about  2  lines  long,  not 
longer  than  the  sepals  ;  seeds  large,  oval,  strongly  ribbed  and 
transversely  lacunose,  brownish  yellow. — Fl.  i.  165. 

Sarothra  Druvimnndii  Grev.  &  Hook.     Bot.  Misc.  iii.  236,  t.  107. 
In  dry  soil,  Georgia  and  Florida,  to  Illinois  and  Texas. 


1880.]  ROTANIfAT.    r;A/KTTK.  Ill 

29.  H.  niidicanle  Walter.  Stem  and  opjwsito  bnuu-lKs 
foliforni,  wirv,  ai)|K'arin<>;  naked  from  the  very  minute  awl- 
shajied  appres.sed  leaves,  4  to  20  inehes  hi<j;li  :  Howors  very  small, 
mostly  sessile:  stamens  5  to  10:  eapsule  very  aeutely  eonical,  1 
to  .'>  lines  long,  mueh  longer  tlian  the  sejials ;  seeds  very  iniidi 
smaller,  oblong,  minuh^lv  striate  and  pitted,  light  yellow. —  l''l. 
Car.  190. 

H.  setomin  L.  Spec.  7S7,  as  to  I'liick.  syn. 

H.  Sarolhra  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  7!);  Torr.  .Si  Oray,  Fl.  i.  !().');  (Irny,  (ion.  III.  i. 
214,  t.  93,  f.  1-7,  Manual,  Sfi. 

Sarotlira  gentianoides  L.  Spec.  272;  Lam.  111.  t.  21'),  f.  1. 

S.  Iiypa'ieoiden  Niitt.  Gen.  i.  204;   Barton,  Fl.  N.  Am.  iii.  5!»,  t.  !)2,  f.  1. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Canada  to  Florida,  and  the  Mississipjji  valley. 

:}.     ELODHA  -hss.,  Prusn. 

Perennial  herbs,  in  marsiies  or  shallow  water;  witli  small 
close  clnsters  of  flesh-colored  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves 
and  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  sepals  much  shorter  than  the 
acute  capsules. — Juss.  Gen.  255,  partlv  ;  Pursh.  Fl.  360;  Torr. 
&  Gray,"Fl.  i.  167;  Gray,  Gen.  111.  "i.  216,  t.  94.  Not  E/odcs 
Adans.,  Spach,  nor  Ehdcn  Michx.  Triadcnium  Raf. — A  genus 
of  two  species,  peculiar  to  Eastern  North  America. 

1.  K.  film  pan  u  lata  Pursh.  A  foot  or  two  high,  mostly 
simple:  leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  very  obtuse  or  emarginate,  clasp- 
ing by  a  broad  base,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  half  inch 
wide,  glaucous  beneath  and  black  dotted:  axillary  flower  clus- 
ters at  the  ends  of  elongated  branches  :  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate  : 
filaments  united  below  the  middle:  capsule  4  or  5  lines  long. — 
Fl.  379. 

K.  Virglnim  Nult.  Gon.  ii.  17  ;  Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  i.  Ku  :  (iray,  (Jen.  III.  i 
210,  t.  94;  Manual,  S*!. 

Hi/peririnn   Virginicnin  L.  Spec.  2  ed.  1104;  ("hois,  in  IX'.  Prodr.   i.  .")U). 

//.  campanuldtnm  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  191. 

//.  eniarginul  11)11  Lam.   Diet.  iv.  l.')4. 

From  Hudson's  Hay  to  New  Jersey  and  North  Carolina,  westwanl  to 
Minnesota  and  the  VViniiipep  valley.     AKso  in  adjacent  Asia  and  .Japan. 

2.  K.  petiolata  Piusii.  Resembling  the  last,  but  usually 
taller  and  moi-c  branching:  leaves  longer  (2  to  5  inches),  half  to 
an  inch  wide,  ta|)ering  to  a  sessile  i)ase  or  petioled,  not  so  glau- 
cous or   black    dotted   biMieath  :   axillarv    (lower  clusters  almost 


112  BOTANICAL    (iAZKTTE.  [May, 

sessile:   (ilaments  united  al)()iit  to  the  middle. — Fl.  379  ;  Torr.  tV: 
Gray,  Fl.  i.  168. 

E.  lubulosa  Pursh  [Hypericum  tubulommi  Walter)  has  not  been  identified, 
but  is  probably  this  species,  from  which  it  differs  only  in  its  "  tubular  corolla," 
concerning  which  there  must  have  been  some  mistake  ;  see  Torr.  &  (Jray,  Fl. 
i.  It)8. 

Hypericum  petiolatuvi  Walter,  Fl.  Car.  litl. 

H.axillare  Michx.  Fl.  ii.  81. 

//.  paludomm  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  i.  54(5. 

From  Virginia  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansas. 


